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日本語が分からない人 Is a phrase that means a man who doesn't understand japanese but how does this grammar work I mean you do I turn a whole phrase into an adjective do I have to but the inter phrase and then add a noun?

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It will never become an "adjective" whatever you do with it. But you can make it be a clause that acts as a qualifier. Just as 日本語の分からない qualifies 人.

If you use a verb:

この人が食べたケーキ。 : The cake that this person ate

If you use an adjective:

優しいこの人。 : This person, who is nice

Other examples:

目の前に現れた人。 : The person that appeared in front of my eyes

机の上にいる猫。 : The cat that is on the desk

The noun that comes after the verb/adjective is qualified by the previous relative clause.

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