「 聞{き}こえたか聞こえないかというくらいの音{おと}だ。」
Your translation is:
"The sound was so quiet that I wasn't even sure if I heard it or not."
You are clearly thinking in English here. 「聞こえない」 can mean "I didn't hear it.", too. In other words, 「聞こえない」 can mean the same as 「聞こえなかった」.
If you asked a group of native Japanese-speakers a question like:
「今{いま}、そっちの方{ほう}から変{へん}な音{おと}、聞{き}こえなかった?」("Didn't you guys hear a strange sound from that direction just now?")
Quite a few would reply:
「聞{き}こえない。」 instead of 「聞こえなかった」.
That is real Japanese. The fact that one is talking about the immediate past is clear from the context/situation even if one said 「聞こえない」.
Likewise, to the question 「昨日{きのう}バイト行{い}った?」, (far) more native speakers would reply 「行ってない。」 than 「行かなかった。」.
Another possible explanation:
You could think of 「聞こえたか聞こえないか」 as a set phrase. The most often-used verb for this expression would be 「言{い}う」. As discussed above, we often use 「言った言わない」 in he-said-she-said arguments. Very few people would use 「言った言わなかった」.
The longer phrases using 「なかった」 is just not rhythmical. With its long history as a spoken language, rhythm is still of utmost importance. In other words, sound is important to us as, after all, sound is all you have in a spoken language. Just look at our abundant use of onomatopoeias. They rule our language.