「いいかげんにしやがれっ　おれは[一年以上]{いちねんいじょう}もシャバとおわかれなんだぞっ。」

(「シャバ」 means the world outside of prison, army, etc. where you have freedom.)

The 「と」 in that context is not quotative because in the phrase 「シャバとおわかれ」, no one is saying or calling something 「シャバ」 either silently or out loud. It just means "a farewel to the real world".

The fact that 「おわかれ」 is a noun has nothing to do with whether or not the preceding 「と」 is quotative.

The 「と」 in 「と + Noun」 can be quotative in the following sentences.

「マリアに、さよならとおわかれのキスをした。」 ← The speaker said 「さよなら」 either silently or out loud as he kissed Maria good-bye.

When the quotative 「と」 is used correctly, the preceding phrase can always be placed in imaginary (or real) quotation marks.

「マリアに、『さよなら』とお[別]{わか}れのキスをした。」

One more example:

「スカイツリーを見て、すごいと[感動]{かんどう}！」

「感動」 is a noun, but this 「と」 is quotative. Here, one can say that the verb 「する/した」 was left unsaid after 「感動」.

Again, you can place 「すごい」 in either real or imaginary quotation marks because that is what you said or thought upon seeing the Skytree.