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The basic concept is:

内側 means that spaces are divided by something like fence, and you're standing the inside ground, while 中 is like that there's a vessel and you're inside of it.

The interpretation of Xの内側 and Xの中 is different regarding the X. In the former, X indicates boundary, while in the latter, X is container. If X is something with inner room, then whoever in Xの中 is likely to be in that space, but if X is a filled material, then they're likely to be packed within it.

Random examples taken from Google image search:

They are thought to be in ガラスの内側 but not ガラスの中:

while he is thought to be in ガラスの内側 or ガラスの中:

and they are thought to be in ガラスの中 but not ガラスの内側:
_{(well, these are actually ice cubes but never mind)}

Extra
There's other (mostly figurative) usage of 中, that is you can refer what you see through apertures such as: 絵の中, 鏡の中, 画面の中 etc.

The basic concept is:

内側 means that spaces are divided by something like fence, and you're standing on the inside ground, while 中 is like that there's a vessel and you're inside it.

The interpretation of Xの内側 and Xの中 is different regarding the X. In the former, X indicates boundary, while in the latter, X is container. If you say Xの中 when X is something with inner room, then whoever in there is likely to be in that space, but when X is a filled material, then they're likely to be packed within it.

Random examples taken from Google image search:

They are thought to be in ガラスの内側 but not ガラスの中:

while he is thought to be in ガラスの内側 or ガラスの中:

and they are thought to be in ガラスの中 but not ガラスの内側:
_{(well, these are actually ice cubes but never mind)}

Extra
There's another (mostly figurative) usage of 中, that is you can refer what you see through apertures such as: 絵の中, 鏡の中, 画面の中 etc.

内側 sounds like a (maybe imaginary) plane encircles some area, and something is located inside.

中 sounds like the boundary is three-dimensional, and something is packed within it.

Random examples taken from Google image search:

They are thought to be in ガラスの内側 but not ガラスの中:

while he is thought to be in ガラスの内側 or ガラスの中:

and they are thought to be in ガラスの中 but not ガラスの内側:
_{(well, these are actually ice cubes but never mind)}

The basic concept is:

内側 means that spaces are divided by something like fence, and you're standing the inside ground, while 中 is like that there's a vessel and you're inside of it.

The interpretation of Xの内側 and Xの中 is different regarding the X. In the former, X indicates boundary, while in the latter, X is container. If X is something with inner room, then whoever in Xの中 is likely to be in that space, but if X is a filled material, then they're likely to be packed within it.

Random examples taken from Google image search:

They are thought to be in ガラスの内側 but not ガラスの中:

while he is thought to be in ガラスの内側 or ガラスの中:

and they are thought to be in ガラスの中 but not ガラスの内側:
_{(well, these are actually ice cubes but never mind)}

Extra
There's other (mostly figurative) usage of 中, that is you can refer what you see through apertures such as: 絵の中, 鏡の中, 画面の中 etc.

内側 sounds like a (maybe imaginary) plane encircles some area, and something is located inside.

中 sounds like the boundary is three-dimensional, and something is packed within it.

Random examples from Google:

They are thought to be in ガラスの内側 but not ガラスの中:

while he is thought to be in ガラスの内側 or ガラスの中:

and they are thought to be in ガラスの中 but not ガラスの内側:
_{(well, these are actually ice cubes but never mind)}

内側 sounds like a (maybe imaginary) plane encircles some area, and something is located inside.

中 sounds like the boundary is three-dimensional, and something is packed within it.

Random examples taken from Google image search:

They are thought to be in ガラスの内側 but not ガラスの中:

while he is thought to be in ガラスの内側 or ガラスの中:

and they are thought to be in ガラスの中 but not ガラスの内側:
_{(well, these are actually ice cubes but never mind)}