7
It is far from a multi-purpose replacement for the phrase "flex one's arm", but if you mean a specific kind of pose below, we usually say 力{ちから}こぶを作る.
力{ちから}こぶ ("force bulge") is the word for the bumped muscle when you put your strength on that body part, and typically refers to that of biceps.
7
The meaning of 緑色 is strictly limited to the color green, whereas 緑 includes the color green and other figurative meanings like 'greenery', 'natural', 'environmentally-friendly', etc.
While the exact phrase 緑の can refer to something green colored (as would 緑色の), the difference is that this phrase could also have a figurative meaning. It can be used ...
5
畑 in this sense is a metaphorical expression used in relation to someone's career. This is an interesting expression in the context of introducing a person (formally or informally, e.g., 彼には教育畑を30年歩んできた自負がある, 営業畑を渡り歩いて多彩な経験を積んできました). It should be avoided when neutrality and objectiveness are important (e.g., in Wikipedia).
Besides, when it is intentionally ...
5
Both mean the same thing. The difference is how they combine with other words.
According to this, 大臣 is more about individuals while 閣僚 is more about the ministers as a group of people.
My impression is that they are not so interchangeable.
外務大臣 Minister of Foreign Affairs. Not 外務閣僚
末は博士か大臣か will become a PhD or a minister in future - an oldish set phrase ...
4
色 doesn’t play any particular purpose or add any particular nuance in the case of 緑. It just might sound a bit redundant to some people.
緑のドレスを着ている。
緑色のドレスを着ている。
色 is practically mandatory in certain other colors.
黄色のドレスを着ている。
茶色のドレスを着ている。
灰色のドレスを着ている。
黄土色のドレスを着ている。
It should not be surprising that words like 灰 and 黄土 need to be followed by 色 because ...
3
Practically 燃やす is used in much more limited contexts than 焼く as you can see in the definitions.
A thesaurus entry tells
１「燃やす」は、炎を上げさせることをいうのに対して、「焼く」は、火をつけて灰にすることをいう。
２「燃やす」は、「闘志を燃やす」のように、感情を高ぶらせる意にも用いる。
３「焼く」は、「炭を焼く」「パンを焼く」のように、加熱して作り上げる意や、「日光で肌を焼く」のように、日光に当てて変色させる意でも用いる。
3 indicates the meaning of 焼く is wider (cooking, burning things for later use, etc....
3
なら is not necessary. は is perfectly fine.
駅は病院のとなりですよ。
The station is next to the hospital.
You can also omit the topic altogether, of course.
病院のとなりですよ。
It is next to the hospital.
Using なら, you would sound like you are explicitly stating the assumption on which you are going to provide an answer, which is not really necessary but doesn’t particularly ...
3
No, they are not interchangeable.
それで is それ marked with the particle で. In your example, it refers to the general situation in which the speaker sees the listener to be, or the manner in which the latter is doing something at the time. The sentence implies the listener is being idle or not studying hard enough by the speaker’s standards.
それで勉強しているつもりですか。
(...
3
Partly based on a thesaurus entry.
Both can mean money with which a person conducts economic activities and are interchangeable to some extent.
資本 is usually money you do or start business with and used more in business or economics contexts. Some examples:
capitalism : 資本主義 (not 資金主義)
make an investment : 資本を投下する. It should be less idiomatic to say 資金を投下する....
3
事業 refers to any business activity, regardless of its size, but it is most commonly associated with modern commercial activities involving a large number of people. It's also a legal term. It also includes public projects such as the construction of highways and the development of space technology (cf. 公共事業). The sense of making money is not necessarily ...
3
1. 製品 vs. 商品
The distinction there is fairly easily discernable.
The key word here is 製造: manufacture; production. デジタル大辞泉（小学館） has:
［名］(スル)原料に手を加えて製品にすること。「菓子を―する」「―販売」
Also related is the noun/noun suffix 製{せい}: make, made from.
プラスチック製容器包装
containers and packaging made of plastic
フランス製の香水
perfume made in France
Between 製品 and 商品, when the actual ...
3
体格 is more of a human body shape to describe like skinny, normal, fat, masculine, etc. It is used in a neutral way.
スタイル tends to describe one's outlook in an affirmative way. (e.g. tall and skinny has been considered to be suitable for a fashion model)
3
First off, どなた means who and どちら where, which, who. (どなた can mean where in classical Japanese, but not in modern usage.)
Re Q1, a simple answer is that they are not interchangeable due to the difference in meaning. どなたさま is also possible, but sounds too polite to me.
Re Q2, どちら is usually suffixed by さま to mean who, as stated in the definition #2-ア. どちらさま ...
2
資本 refers to initial properties/resources you prepare or invest to start a business. Typically, it refers to money, but technically speaking, you can start a business with anything as 資本. For example, in わらしべ長者, one may say the protagonist's 資本 was a piece of straw. People often figuratively say 体が資本だ referring to blue collar workers and athletes whose ...
2
I was browsing BCCWJ with the keyword='の背に'. 背 in the meaning of the question is used for 椅子, ソファ, フォーク. As you mention in the question, it can be used for books as well. Practically these are pretty much all for which 背 in that sense can be used. (Cf. As regards with books, it is one of many jargons.)
I cannot come up with other objects for which the usage ...
2
Have you learned about the subsidiary verb しまう? -じゃえ is the imperative form of -じゃう, which is a contracted form of -てしまう. So 死んじゃえ is the same as 死んでしまえ except that the former is more colloquial.
As a subsidiary verb, (-て)しまう has several functions. For one, it can add a nuance of carefreeness, or the sense of "anyway", "stop worrying", &...
2
I think the difference between both is that, by using して遊ぶ, it's explicit that the ones playing video games are having fun, enjoying themselves.
テニスをする
He plays tennis
テニスをして遊ぶ
He has fun playing tennis.
2
I think you get the meanings right. Simply put, なぜ is always why and the other two mean sometimes simple why and sometimes asking for method (so they are ambiguous to some extent).
When asking for a method, なんで is considered as 何+で=with what. As such, it can be pronounced なにで which unambiguously asks for a method (i.e., なにで cannot mean simple why).
どうして in ...
2
咳止め【せきどめ】 is a very common word virtually every native speaker knows. You can find this word in any drug store in Japan. On the other hand, even though the meaning of 咳薬 is self-evident, it's an unfamiliar word to me. I googled 咳薬, and most results were part of 鎮咳薬【ちんがいやく】, which is a highly stiff medical term for 咳止め. There are some web pages where 咳薬 is ...
1
までに
までに is the combination of particles まで and に. The first particle specifies the ending point in time (deadline), while the latter specifies the point in time where the event will take place, which may or may not coincide with the deadline. If it doesn't coincide, it happens before the deadline.
Let's look at an example:
5時までにメールします。
I will email it by 5 ...
1
To summarize the comments and provide an answer, these are not the same.
までに is a particle meaning "by". Thus:
暗いまでに帰らないと
"I have to be back by dark"
前に is a combination of 前 (before) and the time indicator に, thus "before":
食べる前にいつも手を洗っている
"I always wash my hands before eating"
They might sometimes be similar, for ...
1
までに basically means "by" and it's used to mark a deadline. 12時までに～します means you may do it at 11:30 or even at 7:00. On the other hand, 12時前に～します means you do it (shortly) before 12:00, for example at 11:45, but usually not at 7:00.
寝る前に本を読みます is a natural sentence that simply describes what the speaker does at night, before sleeping. 寝るまでに本を読みます ...
1
I can only guess what the producer was trying to say.
When you break or pierce through something, you are not being stopped by that thing as you move forward. I guess such a sense of “through-ness” is considered important for a video game, and the producer is suggesting that they could not achieve that if they worried too much about the integrity of the ...
1
懐中電灯が見つけできません is ungrammatical, because the only word できる can directly follow is a suru-verb such as 運転, 発見 and 勉強. 見つけ is not a suru-verb (you cannot say 見つけする).
If you really want to use both 見つける and できる, you have to say 懐中電灯を見つけることができません. In your case, it's simplest and most natural to say 懐中電灯が見つかりません.
1
In terms of meaning, both are not so different. I think both can be translated as story in English, but sometimes (probably recently) they are used when people want to emphasize the coherence of the whole story. They are more about idiomatic expressions rather than nuances.
For example, typical examples may be like the following:
プレゼンにストーリーを持たせる
物語としてのコロナ騒動
...
1
It is worth mentioning that this usage is probably inherited from Chinese, where each character corresponds, roughly, to a single-syllable word. Since there are only a limited number of syllables, many characters are pronounced the same, and it would be difficult to know which of several possible meanings you intended. The solution is to add some sort of '...
1
かける basically means to hang, to hook, etc. while しかける means to set up in general.
罠をかける is not very common, but is appropriate for primitive traps (e.g., rope traps) for capturing small animals, including the one in your story. 罠をしかける is very common, and can be used with any type of trap, including complicated ones. For example, traps you see in action ...
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