14
The differences come from the fact that:
「名前{なまえ}」 is an originally Japanese word while
「名称{めいしょう}」 is a Sino-loanword.
Formality:
For the reason above, 「名称」 is more formal, academic and technical than 「名前」. Think about "chat" vs "conversation", "deep" vs. "profound", etc. in English. In both Japanese and English, the big words have mostly come from "...
8
「急{いそ}いでるみたいだけど間{ま}に合{あ}ったとして赤点回避{あかてんかいひ}なんてできると思{おも}ってるの」
Because practically no punctuations are used in manga, I get to place some here.
「急いでるみたいだけど、間に合ったとして (comma optional here) 赤点回避なんてできると思ってるの ？」
Firstly, this is basically a question.
Secondly, you seem to be "seeing" the wrong 「として」here. This 「として」 is conditional -- "even if". I could end ...
7
I'm assuming you already know the reason kara, which is the one being used here... basically meaning "because".
There could be a lot of things implied here that are not being said, but with the context in hand I would guess the following.
(私は)待ってるから(、来てね。) - Hey come, I'm waiting! (Implying that because she is waiting for him, he should go and dance with ...
6
Regardless of how they may be rendered in the natural English, 家族 always points to people, while 家庭 always place. In other words, 家族 is a group united by kinship or whatever that often lives together, or its member; 家庭 is an environment that enables those people to gather and spend a private life (as opposed to "workplace" etc.)
Many words can be only used ...
5
貯金 = to put money in the bank or a piggy bank or envelope.
節約 = to avoid spending money (i.e., to make food rather than eat out)
Both of these are [漢語]{かんご} (Chinese words in Japanese).
貯金 follows a verb-object pattern. Thus,
貯(v) store 金(object) - money
節約 follows a duplication pattern:
節(v) -save 約 - save
So you can do lots of things to 節約, but ...
5
For yes-no type questions:
食べたの？
食べたんだ？
Sentence 1 is very common, and sounds friendly and neutral (i.e., you have no prior assumption). Syntactically, sentence 2 may not be a question, but with a question mark, it sounds more like a confirmation with a surprised and/or accusatory tone ("So...you ate it, is that right?").
For wh-type questions (...
5
立つ has much more range. It's used to mean "stand," as in a prolonged action; standing in one place. 立ち上がる is just the action of standing up. If you google image, it's easy to see the difference. 立ち上がる has another meaning of, basically, "rising from the ashes", like here: 破産の憂き目から立ち上がる.
立つ on the other hand has a huge range of meanings, just hop over to your ...
5
[運転手]{うんてんしゅ} is responsible for driving the vehicle like the car, the bus or the train.
As you suppose, [車掌]{しゃしょう} only applies to the person who works on the train.
[車掌]{しゃしょう} takes care of other than driving the train duties like...
Closing door while maintaining customer's safety
Informing the next station name
Taking care of the sick ...
5
所定 and 固定 have totally different meanings. The reason why the translation you have found seems confusing is partially because 所定 usually never translates into one fixed word in English.
固定 is easy; it's a verb or a noun (but sometimes virtually an adjective) that means "to fix", "fixing", and "fixed", in the sense "to have something not move".
所定 is ...
4
所定 is a no-adjective. 固定 is a transitive suru-verb and no-adjective.
固定の金額: OK
所定の金額: OK
金額を固定する: OK
金額を所定する: NG
Obviously, fixation of a tangible object is 固定 but not 所定.
その絵は壁に固定されている。
The picture is fixed to the wall.
所定 means "it's been already determined/established by someone", 固定 means "it won't change". A 所定のルール may be revised in the ...
4
According to The Kodansha Kanji Usage Guide dictionary:
戦う has these meanings:
wage war, fight
contest, contend, play a match [game]
And 闘う is:
(struggle with) fight (against), contend with, strive against
The following examples are given:
敵と戦うfight one's enemy
議論を戦わす have a discussion
正正堂堂と戦おう Let's play the game fairly
闘い struggle, conflict
困難と闘う ...
4
While もらう usually has a connotation of someone doing something positive for the speaker, this is not always the case.
コトバンク「貰う」⑨㋒ 他人の行なった行為によって、自らが迷惑を受ける意を表す。 「無断で入って－・っちゃ困るな」
Expresses annoyance caused by the actions of others. "Don't come in without permission."
一緒にする has a definition of 'to confuse with'. Weblio (2)
The English version of the ...
2
I suppose this male met the female before (say, 3 days ago) and he gave her the impression that he is not smart enough to tutor her. Then, she gives him the second chance to prove he is smart enough to be a tutor... but he failed.
He probably studied the subject after the 'last event'. So he said "I don't want you to consider I'm not smart enough to be ...
2
According to this site, 戦前は「俸給{ほうきゅう}」もしくは「賃銀{ちんぎん}」で、戦後は「賃金{ちんぎん}」に
「俸給{ほうきゅう}」
ホワイトカラーが受け取るものは「俸給{ほうきゅう}」と呼ばれていました。
The salary white collar worker received called 「俸給{ほうきゅう}」.
「賃金{ちんぎん}」（「賃銀{ちんぎん}」とも書く）
ブルーカラーが受け取るものは「賃金{ちんぎん}」と呼ばれていました。
The salary blue collar worker received called 「賃金{ちんぎん}」.
The sample expression from old novel,
「...
2
いろいろ is used with different items of the same type (like different types of coffee at coffee shop) while さまざま would be for different types of items (tea, coffee, soda,...).
いろいろ is also more casual and used in speech while さまざま is usual written.
2
For No1. Yes. I think you are correct.
For No2. Partially not. Both 「させてもらう」and「させてくれる」are asking for the permission.
This site 「させてもらう」の敬語表現・使い方と例文・別の敬語表現 explains
「させてもらう」も「させてくれる」も相手に許可を取って行動し、その恩恵を受けるという点においては同じ意味を持っています。この両者の違いは「視点」です。誰目線の話なのかに着目してください。
For example, you are a guest presenter in the conference and might say to the organizer.
ex)...
2
お世話になります means "I(Someone) will be in your care.". It is the future. For example, 明日からお世話になります。( I will be in your care from tomorrow.)
お世話になっています is present progressive form. It means "I(Someone) am in your care now". お世話になっております is a more polite way of お世話になっています.
1
Direct translations by the word themselves are
合意 both opinions are match(agreement)
納得 understand
相互理解 understand each other
But as you know words have many meanings with its context so you/we might need more info.
1
As you (probably) know, ～なる means "to become". For ナ-adjectives and nouns, it is preceded by に, such as 友達になる, 元気になる, etc. For イ-adjectives and words that conjugate like them, it is preceded by the "adverbial" ～く form; 新しくなる, 明るくなる, 行きたくなる ("become wanting to go"), etc.
This is just a case of the ～ない form of the verbー取れない (which conjugates like an イ-adj.)...
1
According to Amazon Japan it is ブロワ or ブロワー。 Sometimes they say リーフブロワー.
There is no difference between ブロワ and ブロワー. Its just the matter of preference.
1
ブロワー,ブロアー and 送風機 are used though all of them are not common for people who doesn’t have it.
1
Like mentioned in the comments you would use ように/ために.
As for the question of how to combine this with adjectives and the copula you would normally use the adverbial form of the word in question. For example:
彼が安全にいられるようにこれを買った
美味しくするために塩を入れた
For the copula you can use である (which is another form of the copula) but I think in most cases なる and いる does ...
1
According to goo辞書 says, きわま・る〔きはまる〕【極まる／窮まる】の意味
極{きわ}める/極{きわ}まる : （極める）これより先はないというところまで行き着く。
富士山{ふじさん}の頂上{ちょうじょう}を極{きわ}める。
Achieving to the top of Mt.Fuji.
It is used in the supremum/infimum, the ultimate state.
2.（極める・窮める）極点に達した状態になる。この上もない程度までそうなる。
I think 窮める is used most often in negative sentence like this.
According to this site, 極める・究める・...
1
右折する、左折する refer only to cars, bicycles, busses, and other vehicles on road (I think airplanes can 右折 while on road, not flying)
右に曲がる 左に曲がる is used in various ways.
この線は右に曲がっている。
コンビニまで歩いたら右に曲がってください。
鳥は右に曲がった。
1
教師 - teacher(profession/one`s job)
先生 - similar as miss/mam (while calling) It is not only used for teacher. It can also used to call doctor, researchers etc,.
(私は先生です）これはだめです。
私は教師です。 - I am a teacher.
彼は私の先生です。- He is my teacher.
1
Teachers often refer to themselves as 先生 in front of their students. This serves to enforce the formal teacher-student relationship and allows the teacher to avoid using 私、僕、俺、all of which are words pregnant with meaning.
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