6
Yes, that な is the irrealis form (未然形) of ぬ from classical Japanese. ぬ is usually the auxiliary for the perfective aspect (as in 風立ちぬ), but when it's combined with an auxiliary of inference such as ん (=む), it emphatically adds the degree of certainty.
ぬ
(2) 強意…［きっと～・～してしまう］
船にのりなんとす。（土佐日記・一二月二七日）
（船に乗ってしまおうとする。）
※「つ」・「ぬ」＋推量の助動詞
つべし・ぬべし・てむ・にむ・つらむ・ぬらむ・てまし・...
5
personally I consider that it would have sounded better if B had also negated the verb
If Person A had said 許されないことだろ, this is true. But って is a quoting particle, and what he actually said is 許される(ことじゃない), not 許されない.
Literally:
A: 許されることじゃねーだろ。
It's not something that's to be forgiven.
B: 許されるって誰に？
"Forgiven", by who?
(implies "Regarding ...
4
I guess it depends on the nature of actions or just contexts, but structures like ActionのX%/X割はSubjがVerb or ActionはX%/X割SubjがVerb can be broadly used.
Another thing is that it sounds more natural when actions are more concrete tasks/objects, instead of just cooking or carrying.
Some examples (with possibly non-idiomatic translations)
家事の7割は私がやっている I do 70% ...
3
The short answer is "No".
The te-form has various functions, and in this example, it expresses Verb 2 happens after Verb 1 happens. Swapping them will change the essential meaning of the sentence.
風は夜になっておさまった。
The wind, after night fell, ceased.
夜になって風はおさまった。
Night fell and (then) the wind ceased.
風はおさまって夜になった。
The wind ceased and (then) night ...
2
比較する is not an action with a lasting effect on its target. Therefore, its ている-form, 比較している, doesn’t describe a resultant state but an ongoing process (if not an experience). When you say 比較したＸ with X being an object of comparison, you are not talking about a current state of X or a property newly assumed by X as a result of an action or change, as would be ...
2
Generally speaking, 保存したファイル ("file that someone saved") and 保存されたファイル ("file that was saved") are usually interchangeable, and so are ゆでた卵 and ゆでれられた卵. See Passive vs Active form of verbs when used as adjectives and Why 無茶ぶりした and not 無茶ぶりされた
However, ロックしたSIM ("SIM that someone locked") sounds puzzling to me because it ...
2
Adding to this list, there are also 沃る and 率る. That would seem to be all of them.
Here are some Japanese pages listing two-mora verbs, shared by jogloran and sundowner:
https://www.akenotsuki.com/kyookotoba/shiryoo/bunrui/dooshi21.html
http://quattro.phys.sci.kobe-u.ac.jp/nishi/verb.html
https://detail.chiebukuro.yahoo.co.jp/qa/question_detail/q1449541019
1
In this context it refers to a play feeling much better than one can usually expect, so 中途半端ではない is not far. The underlying image is that something has gone through an imaginary barrier and may have gone far, not restricted by anything. Possible translation in this context would be outstanding, incomparable, mind-blowing, overwhelming, etc.
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