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I feel like this has been asked before, but I can't find it if it has. You've got it spot on with と being the quotation marker; that is Xと言う means that X was literally (more or less) what was said. Using を is more about the meaning/gist/essence of what is said. Here's a pair that I always remember to help distinguish them.
なにを言ってるのか？ → "What are you ...
14
The quoting particle と (or って) is tenseless, just as the quotation marks " for direct speech (she said "I want to sing"), or that for indirect speech (she said that she wanted to sing) are tenseless.
The tense is reflected in the verb that is used with the quoting particle, e.g.
～といいました
～といった
～といっています
In your example sentence, the correct tense for ...
13
と has quite a few meanings. To name a few...
The case particle (格助詞) と can mean "and" or "with". It attaches to 体言, such as nouns and pronouns. eg:
「りんごとみかん」(apples and oranges)
「わたしと一緒に」(together with me)
The case particle と can also be used as a quotative particle. It attaches to almost anything, eg:
「おいしいと思う」(I think it's tasty) ...
13
This type of って is mainly used to repeat one's opinion, like "I'm saying ～" or "I told you, ～". So it's still quotative in a sense; the speaker is quoting their own previous statement. For example, depending on the context, 「寝ろって。」 can mean either "[Someone] told you to sleep" (quote from a third speaker) or "I told you, go to bed!".
But って also often used ...
12
That would be one fish tank and two trophies, all of which are placed on top of something (その上). At least, that is how nearly every native speaker would read that sentence.
If it were the word 「ふたつ」 that was confusing you, it would not be used to count two totally unrelated items such as a fish tank and a trophy when there is one of each. It is not like ...
11
I am going to post a rather simplistic answer just covering the basics.
There are cases (1) where adding a 「と」 is appropriate, (2) where adding a 「と」 is inappropriate, and (3) where only adding a 「に」, not a 「と」, is appropriate.
1) When an onomatopoeia functions adverbially to modify a verb, a 「と」 is often added. In very informal speech, on the ...
10
This と before 続く is a "friend" of quotative-と. If I have to choose one, it corresponds to this definition of デジタル大辞泉.
（文や句をそのまま受けて）動作・作用・状態の内容を表す。引用の「と」。
It says と can broadly mark "the content of an action/effect/state". The well-known quotative-と is actually a subset of this type of と. I don't know how this is usually taught to Japanese learners, ...
9
This と is a simple quotative-と, and this sentence is a typical example of a rhetoric device called 転置法 (hyperbaton) or 倒置法 (anastrophe). This is very common in Japanese poetry/slogans/lyrics because the grammatical role of a word is mainly expressed by the particle type rather than the word order.
Does word order change the meaning of a sentence?
...
9
「さっきから七夕{たなばた}に関係{かんけい}ねェもンばっかり吊{つ}りさがってやがるなぁ」
These days they only hang things which are unrelated to Tanabata.
These days, on Tanabata, they only hang unrelated things.
First off, both 「～～に関係ある/ない」 and 「～～と関係ある/ない」 are correct and used equally often. To say there is a difference in nuance would be nitpicking. Thus, in the sentence above, the 「に」 can be ...
9
「いつもと変{か}えてたまに外{そと}で食事{しょくじ}しよう。」
And someone translated that to:
"Let's occasionally change where we go to eat out."
Now, I have to say that the original and the translation do not match at all. Frankly, the translator does not seem to be very proficient in Japanese.
The speaker of the original sentence (and his/her group/family) usually eat at ...
9
Yes these are different. There are (at least) three ways of using number + counter + と, and they have different nuances.
concrete number + counter + と + adjective
This is for showing a concrete figure before using an adjective like 大きい/短い/重い. Probably this is a kind of quotative-と. The number/amount can be big, small, or neither.
...
8
Both are 100% grammatical and natural-sounding, but since the two phrases are used in different situations/contexts, they are not interchangeable.
「犬{いぬ}と猫{ねこ}が好{す}き」 is said when "dogs and cats" have not specifically been mentioned between the speaker and listener.
The best example of that situation would be when someone asks you the question: 「どんな動物{...
8
What does the と in the sentence mean? Wouldn't 対象する work alone?
No, 対象する doesn't work alone (since 対象 is not a suru-verb).
ＡをＢとする (or ＡをＢにする) means "make A B", so クリーチャーを対象とする (or クリーチャーを対象にする) literally means "make a creature the target", "set/have a creature as the target," i.e., "Your target will be a creature."
Is there a simpler, less wordy, ...
8
The second interpretation is not very likely in this particular example because 先生から授業がない makes little sense. That idea would probably be expressed as 先生の授業がない.
先生から授業がある works better.
先生から今日は授業があると聞いたんだけど。
This could be translated in two ways.
I heard from the teacher that there will be a class today.
I heard that the teacher will give (us) a class ...
7
This sentence says "(I) will be fired in no more than 10 days." (time)と待たずに is a common set phrase which literally means "without waiting for (time)".
This と is not "if" nor "then". The role of と here corresponds to the sixth entry of デジタル大辞泉's definition.
６ （数量を表す語に付き、打消しの表現を伴って）その範囲以上には出ない意を表す。…までも。「全部で一〇〇円―かからない」「一〇〇キロ―走らなかった」
7
「と」 here is a quotative particle used to quote 「ふん」; It is not an abbreviation of anything. 「と」, all by itself, is in its full form.
It may look like 「と」 is at the beginning of the sentence, but in essence, it is the same as:
「ふん」と、彼女は鼻を鳴らし、中学の制服である・・・・
A direct quote, no matter how short it is, is often treated as a full line in stories, which is what ...
7
You're 90% there. Let's take your list in order, shall we?
1. Quotation Particle
As you noted, if you see it followed by a verb indicating expression (思う、言う、話す, etc.) then it's being used in this manner.
2. Conditional Particle
The following sentence is the way I was taught to use this one:
秋になると、葉が落ちる。 "When autumn comes, the leaves fall."
In other ...
7
「と」 is used as a particle in both cases.
1.「ふりむくと、こどもたちが おおきな やまを つくっています。」
Here, the 「と」 is a conjunctive particle meaning "when" as in "When I did A, I saw B happening."
The sentence means "When I turned around, the kids were making a huge mountain."
The tense used in the original is the present, but it is the historical present, which is why I used ...
7
Originally, と was used after each word in a list. From here:
いくつかの事柄を列挙する意を表す。「君―ぼく―の仲」
[補説] 並立する語ごとに「と」を用いるのが本来の用法であるが、現代語ではいちばんあとにくる「と」を省略するのが普通となっている。
The last と in a list is usually omitted at least in modern Japanese. In this sentence, you can safely omit the second と, but explicitly putting the second と emphasizes that these two (それ and これ) are ...
7
家族で should be taken as "as a family" rather than "with family"
(Both と and で could be used, though IMHO, 家族で implies that all family members were present whereas 家族と implies you only went with some/maybe all family members.)
7
Both 家族で and 家族と are correct.
で can sometimes mark an organization/group which makes some action, as if it were a subject.
It's the third definition on デジタル大辞泉.
動作・作用を行う主体となる組織・団体を表す。「政府側―検討中だ」「気象庁―光化学スモッグ警報を発令した」
東京外国語大学言語モジュール treats this as an extension of で as a location marker, as follows:
10 場所を表わす用法の拡張として、主語を場所風に表わすときに用いることがあります。
...
7
The Tatoeba translation is a natural rather than a literal translation. Literally it's saying more like "I will have my sister go to the station by car to meet you". (迎える is a tricky little word that means to greet/meet someone, but often includes the implication of subsequently escorting them to their destination, so the "pick you up" element is also ...
7
As for your first sentence, you're right that the と is a quotative particle.
It's often used with a verb that introduces one's utterance or thought, e.g. 言う, 思う, 感じる, 知る, 分かる, 話す, etc.
A few examples:
嫌だと言う
危ないと感じる
やめようと思った
痛いと顔をしかめる (「言って」「思って」 etc. are occasionally left out)
これが最後と別れを惜しむ
(examples above taken from 明鏡国語辞典)
正しいという結論に達する
(...
7
「ありとあらゆる」 means the same as 「ありとある」 -- "every single ~~", "every possible ~~", etc.
So, what is this 「と」? As usual, monolingual dictionaries are our best friends. 大辞林 says under definition 🈩 - ⑩ for case particles:
⑩ 「…と…」の形{かたち}で、同一{どういつ}の動詞{どうし}を重{かさ}ね意味{いみ}を強{つよ}める。現代語{げんだいご}では限{かぎ}られた言{い}い方{かた}としてしか用{もち}いられない。 「あり－あらゆる人{ひと}」 「生{い}き－し生{い}ける物」
...
7
「言っておくと、～～～。」
simply means:
"Just so you know, ~~~."
The 「と」 here is a conjunctive particle used to form a light and casual kind of introduction before stating the main point.
Thus, 「言っておくと」 and 「言っておくけど」 mean fairly different things from each other in that the latter is used when you want to warn or caution the listener in advance about something that ...
7
In Japanese, 彼の車は私と同じです is a perfectly natural sentence. When you compare two things, this type of omission* is extremely common in Japanese, and it can be found even in the most formal writings.
(* This may seem to be "omission" from the English perspective, but Japanese people may say nothing is omitted.)
Examples:
彼の英語は私より上手です。
His English is better ...
7
～とある can be reworded using ～と書いてある in most of the times, but it doesn't mean that it is the abbreviation of the latter. "The sign reads 'STOP'." is a kind of peculiar grammar too, so to speak, but not an abbreviation of "The sign can be read 'STOP'."
This と is quotative. The so-called "quotative" と isn't just for closing ...
7
There is no prescriptive rule that covers where to end the katakana section when you write mimetic words, interjections and slang words in katakana (because they are colloquialisms anyway), so we don't have the "right" answer. It mostly depends on personal interpretation: that whether you want katakana-ify the concept or the word when you do, and ...
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