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It's "the difficulty of being in a parent-child relationship". It probably refers mainly to the difficulty of being a good father (父親であることの難しさ) in this context, but it also includes the difficulty from the children's point of view. 親子である means "to be a parent and a child (to each other)".
論 is a suffix similar to "-ology" in ...
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The subject of 包み込んだ is clearly 俺, so the subject of 引き寄せられる should be 俺, too. So this 引き寄せられるように means not "pulling her into my arms" but "(I was) being (psychologically) pulled to her" or "being allured by her".
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