6
Is there a way to use 何 with the general counter ~つ to ask "how many..."
No, we don't say 何つ. We say いくつ (幾つ).
If not, how do you ask something like "How many ideas do you have", where (I think) one would normally use the generic counter?
You could use いくつ, as in 「アイデアはいくつありますか。」「いくつアイデアが浮かびましたか。」 etc...
6
In addition to naruto's answer, I'd like to point out that the relative clause "that" that's used in English (even in this very sentence) doesn't exist in Japanese, simply because the structure of the language is different.
It might be easier to explain using examples.
Let's look at your sample sentence in English.
I saw the cow that ate vegetables at ...
5
Yes, you can safely say 水です. The implied subject ("it") refer's to "what I want to drink".
Moreover, in Japanese, it's even perfectly natural to say 私は水です if there is enough context!
See: Are possessive particles implied in a conversation?
5
そういうつもりであげた[金]{かね}ではありません！
You'd read the 金 as かね, "money", before you know they're playing 将棋. So you'd read this line as "I didn't mean that / It was not my intention when I gave you the money"... probably like 「別れるときに返してもらうつもりであげたお金ではありません。」 or even "I didn't give you the money for dating me", perhaps..
And you'd interpret:
それにこれを取ったらもう終わりってことですよね。
...
5
私に何かできること translates to a noun phrase "something I can do". This こと is not a particle but a simple noun meaning "thing". And 私に何かできる is a relative clause that modifies こと. This seems to be the first time you asked about relative clauses on this site, but real Japanese sentences are full of relative clauses, and you probably have seen this construction before....
4
The closest equivalent would be それとも in both cases. "Or do you want me to (do it)?" could be translated as 「それとも私がやりましょうか？」, while "Or did you not see it?" could be expressed like 「それともまだ見て（い）ないんですか？」 etc.
4
This is just ので, as you surmised. Since the sentence ends there, it probably refers to something the speaker said just before this. Here you could translate the ので/んで kind of like the ", you see." in "There's a wide variety (of goods etc), you see.", although in many contexts this would sound weird in English.
4
Yes, the subject of 何も知らない is 咲良, and this くれる is used because 咲良's ignorance is beneficial to the speaker. Of course 咲良 is doing nothing intentional or visible for the speaker, but since he is feeling 咲良's ignorance is desirable and thank-worthy, くれる is still a natural choice. その状態 also refers to the fact that 咲良 knows nothing.
何も知らないままでいてくれるなら、その状態が一番いい。...
3
これから熱やせきが出るかもしれない
The これから means 今から, "from now" "starting now" or "soon".
４月の終わりから５月の初めの間に modifies はしかのウイルスがうつった.
～かもしれない means "may~~" "might~~".
The sentence is parsed like this...
厚生労働省は、『（４月の終わりから５月の初めの休みの間に、はしかのウイルスがうつった）人は、これから熱やせきが出るかもしれない』と言っています。
The Ministry of Health, Welfare, and Labor says that ［people （who were infected with measles ...
3
The first point to make is that the first sentence can work without the は (though it’s slightly informal to drop it) and the second sentence can work with a は (though it’s more common/natural to not have it).
That said, there is probably a difference in the grammar, which is that あれ is functioning as the topic in the first sentence, while 今 is functioning ...
3
Your guess is correct. He appends the くれる because he is "thankful" to Sakura for staying the way she is (and hopes that she does). 「その状態」 here most likely refers to her state of ignorance, i.e.「何も知らないままの状態が一番いい」.
To be 100% precise, it would actually refer to 「何も知らないままでいてくれる状態」. Or, alternatively, you could interpret the sentence as implying「...
3
It's not incorrect. It sounds a bit "matter-of-fact" and kind of "abrupt" though.
Also, this largely depends on who's asking in what context. If it's your acquaintance who is about to order drinks for both of you at a restaurant, you could maybe say 「（私は）水で」or「お水を一杯」etc depending on the tone you're going for. If they're asking out of curiosity (i.e. "what ...
2
The embedded "question" in this case isn't really a question, but it is there
「あなたがどれほど頑張っているか」
is the English equivalent of
How hard you're working
For a very direct translation that comes out to something like
I'm worried about how hard you're working
Though it's worth noting that while the English sounds like something you would say to ...
2
Here’s the technical explanation, according to ‘Intermediate Japanese: A Grammar and Workbook' by Tsujioka and Hamano (2012, Routledge).
Basically they describe how Japanese verbs can be classified into two categories:
eventive verbs - describing an event. For example, 食べる.
stative verbs - describing a state. For example, ある.
In general, eventive verbs ...
2
For the translation of sentence number 2, in its current state, the statement itself may be true (It sounds like "It has been predetermined: we will meet at Kyoto."), but since the trip was decided in the past, the translation should have「～へ行くことになった」or something similar.
In sentence number 1, the "which means that" is the part that corresponds to「～ということになる」....
2
There are a lot of ways you could go with this. Informal language tends to be a bit different between males and females, for one. In your first example,「好きな季節は？」or「どの季節が一番好き（だ、なんだ、なの）？」would work. Here, だ is more masculine-ish, なんだ is also somewhat masculine-ish and softer, なの is feminine-ish. You also probably wouldn't want to use 大好き here, since you ...
2
Thanks to @ZLK 's comment @naruto 's answer:
These are called relative clauses. They're constructed by simply writing the clause without the subject and then placing the subject afterwards.
Thus,
At the shop I saw the cow that ate vegetables
becomes
店で野菜を食べた牛を見ました。
2
In short, ～は認められず is "～ is not allowed (, and...)", whereas ～は認められておらず is "～ has not been allowed (, and...)".
This (て)おらず is the negative form of (て)おり, which is a masu-stem of (て)おる, which is a variant of (て)いる. Therefore, this (て)おらず describes the lack of the continuation of a state.
As you may know, おる is basically a humble version of いる. But (て)おり and ...
2
You can think a verb like 考え(て) or して is omitted after と. Volitional + と is a very common pattern, and it can be translated simply as "thinking ～", "trying to ～" or "in order to ～". Despite its name, quotative-と has a wide variety of usages, and it doesn't have to mark something actually said by someone. Note that none of the examples in this link includes ...
1
I watched the video of the short speech and Shigeru Miyamoto definitely says
作り始めましょう、っていうことになったんですけど...
First off, it doesn't matter if there's a period or a comma. Like in English, the meaning stays the same ("I accept it. However..." / "I accept it, however").
Then - like you've already demonstrated with 対談 - ことになった means "it was decided".
So what ...
1
If you want to keep the structure, you could use したり～している as in
「料理をしたり、洗濯をしたり（、掃除をしたり）しているところを見かけたら手伝ってください」
“If you see (the person) cooking or washing clothes (or cleaning), please help (the person).”
or if you don’t care about the structure, you could maybe use
「料理とか洗濯とか（掃除とか）手伝ってくださいよ」
“You really should help with cooking and washing ...
1
こう just means "like this", from このように. He might literally be demonstrating the way he was walking and how he fell as he speaks, but it's more likely that he simply used it as a filler word (in English you might use "like" in this way). As such, I believe it's used here in a similar sense as the "like" in "I was like walking, and then like, I fell, and it ...
1
The grammatical term you're looking for is relative clause (関係節 or 連体修飾節 in Japanese).
With this keyword, you should be able to find enough articles, but this answer is a good starter: https://japanese.stackexchange.com/a/14550/5010
1
あれは何ですか means "speaking of that, what is it?" Here, は indicates that the previous constituent is a topic of our discourse: we're saying we're talking about that over there. Japanese doesn't need to have the topic in every sentence; if you don't say it, it is assumed you are continuing to talk to whatever the topic was before, or that it is completely ...
1
You understand everything correctly. There is no such thing as だとする. It's とする and だ is just there because there was a noun. If it was a verb or adjective you'd just use とする. And following this, obviously you can conjugate it.
Noun particles(?) like 為{ため}、様{よう}、余{あま}り, don't necessarily need に after them to function.
1
The basic meaning of the both sentence are the same.
In this situation, you can emphasize your will by using が instead of を.
So it is more natural to say "寿司が食べたい" in the following situation.
You are asked which menu you want to eat.
You are very hungry.
You have little money and you haven't enjoying tasty meal these days. (Japanese people often use Sushi ...
1
In this particular case, the おう（ろう、こう、etc） or まい for a negative indicates a person's intention. So you are correct, in this context it is similar in meaning to ために or ように, although these two are more objective / place less emphasis on the internal thoughts of the person. と + a complex sentence indicates the way in which this intention is related to the ...
1
https://japanesetest4you.com/flashcard/learn-jlpt-n3-grammar-%E3%81%86%E3%81%A1%E3%81%AB-uchi-ni/
This link might be helpful, an example about a third of the way down is:
わたしはその男｛おとこ｝の姿｛すがた｝を[見守]{みまも}っているうちに、自分｛じぶん｝がどれほど恵｛めぐ｝まれているかを悟｛さと｝った。
which they translate to "As I stood looking at him, I realized how rich I was" , although it looks like it is in ...
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