7
Both are grammatical, and it's a matter of preference to a certain degree. Generally speaking, が/を at the end of an embedded question before a verb is usually omitted unless you want to emphasize the embedded question.
リンゴマークがあるか(を)確認します。
彼女がどこにいるか(が)分かりません。
ハートマークではなくリンゴマークがあるかを確認してください。
どうやるのかではなく、なぜやるのかが分かりません。
What I don't understand is why ...
5
Can 何か be a question word?
何か here is not a question word. (「何 + か」 can be a question word in different structures.)
[何]{なに}か here means "something".
「～か何か」 = "~~ or something similar" "~~ or something like that"
(The か in 親類か is a parallel marker / 並立助詞.)
implying that the speaker suspects the nighthawk isn't the kin of a frog, but something else ...
4
Grammatically speaking, か in Sentence 1 and か in Sentence 2 are a bit different.
In Sentence 1, か is simply like "or". In this case, the second か is optional, but is usually omitted in modern Japanese.
リンゴかバナナ(か)を買う。
私か佐藤さん(か)が行きます。
In Sentence 2, the two か's are forming two embedded questions placed in parallel. In this case, か cannot be ...
2
I think the で is indicating the method/way the 5 levels are determined.
From 大辞泉
６ 動作・作用の手段・方法・材料などを表す。…を使って。「電話で連絡する」「テレビで知ったニュース」「紙で作った飛行機」
「この御馬―宇治河のまっさき渡し候ふべし」〈平家・九〉
The examples don't have an embedded question but, here's some with questions:
「愛されるか」ではなく「愛することができるか」で男性を選ぶ
「GDP」をどこまで説明できるかで判明する
【クイズ】何問正解できるかで「あなたの犬好き度」がバレる.
I think replacing で with の ...
2
All of the forms that you have listed have the same effective meaning and are interchangeable, so long as they follow the proper context. Cross-searching these examples on Weblio, they are pretty much all listed as synonyms, with some seemingly trivial usage differences that I do not think will actually dissuade most speakers from using them interchangeably.
...
1
I know the former is more literal, but I find it a bit difficult to understand. The latter is far easier to understand, but it has completely lost the nuance of "presuppose".
Your second attempt looks a bit misleading because of the use of は and the comma after 部品. It almost looks like "the 部品 has to know which upper system it is embedded in". Use が and no ...
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