22
but I am constantly baffled by why certain loan words from English are constructed using certain katakana sounds.
Loan words do not necessarily need to be borrowed from English. In fact, most old loan words (in the 外来語 sense) were borrowed from Portuguese.
For example, if someone asked me to say "energy" in Japanese, I would have guessed エナジー or maybe ...
22
The particle な indeed has both meanings: "Don't do ～" and "Do ～". From デジタル大辞泉:
１ 動詞・動詞型助動詞の終止形、ラ変型活用語の連体形に付く。禁止の意を表す。「油断する―」「まだ帰る―」「かの尼君などの聞かむに、おどろおどろしく言ふ―」〈源・夕顔〉
２ 《補助動詞「なさる」の命令形「なさい」の省略形》動詞・動詞型助動詞の連用形に付く。命令の意を表す。「早く行き―」「好きなようにやり―」
To distinguish, な means "don't" when it follows the dictionary-form, and "do" when it follows the masu-stem.
するな。 ...
17
They're contracted from かけちゃおう and つないじゃおう, which are colloquial versions of 駆{か}けてしまおう and 繋{つな}いでしまおう, "let's run" and "lets connect", in this case 手を繋ぐ, "hold hands"
The auxiliary verb しまう usually means "do something accidentally", but in this case in the volitional form, it's used to express carefreeness.
手を繋いじゃおう Let's hold hands (and not care ...
16
This doesn't only happen with じゃない > じゃねえ, but generally /ai/ > /ee/, like
きたない > きたねえ
やばい > やべえ
(食{た}べたい = ) 食{く}いたい > 食いてえ
As in the other answer, this is extremely informal and in the wrong context can easily be considered plain rude.
Xと違う = to differ from X
完成前 = before completion
Edit.
For completeness, there's also
/ae/ > /ee/
e.g. お前 > おめえ
/...
15
1 and 2 are conjunctive だって used at the beginning of a sentence.
買わなかったよ。だって、高かったんだ。
I didn't buy it. [After all / Because] it was expensive.
「買えって言ったでしょう？」「だって、高かったんだ。」
"Didn't I tell you to buy it?" "But it was expensive!"
This kind of だって is used to argue back, or to provide further explanation to convince someone. It's translated as "but" ...
15
This is just "Hi".
こんちゃ/こんちわ/ちわ/ちは/etc is a very casual version of こんにちは. Of course this は is pronounced "wa".
For "ーす", see: What does っす at the end of a sentence mean?
Jisho.org also has an entry for this. Other variations include ちわっす, こんちゃっす, ちゃーっす, ちゃーす, ちっす and ちーす.
14
「諸星先生{もろほしせんせい}は元々住{もともとす}んでる星{ほし}が違{ちが}うし・・」
While 「住んでる星が違う」 is certainly an exaggerated and/or metaphorical expression, I would not necessarily call it an idiomatic expression because it means what it literally means, which is "to live on another planet" as you said.
「星」 can mean "a planet" as well all by itself.
"Mr./Ms. Morohoshi lives on another ...
13
って is a colloquial particle and has two main functions.
Being used as a colloquial topic marker (instead of は or とは), e.g.
人ってすごいよね。
People are awesome.
Being used as a quotation marker (instead of と or という), e.g.
変な人って言ってたよ。
She said you are a little weird.
人って言葉は何か変だな。
The word "hito" is kinda weird.
12
It's fairly common for both ai and ae to be slurred to ee in colloquial speech.
For example:
じゃない → じゃねぇ janai → janee
のみたい → のみてぇ nomitai → nomitee
おまえ → おめぇ omae → omee
てまえ → てめぇ temae → temee
Your example has an additional contraction. When a vowel is dropped between r and n, you end up with rn. This isn't pronounceable, so it ...
12
I'm Japanese and don't know well about the English idiom "to be out of it." But I think I know some useful Japanese words for your situations.
「頭が働かない」
This expression is natural to say when you have a cold, fever or other bad condition and can't understand or think about things well temporary. "I'm sorry I have a cold so I'm a bit out of it." ...
11
The first sentence could be expanded to
高いなんてもんじゃないよ。むちゃくちゃ高いんだよ。
It's not (just) huge. It's humongous.
and the first part would be written as
高いというものじゃないよ。
As for the second sentence, separating the sentence as
人が多かったの 何の って
the 何の is used to repeat the structure of the first part, but could be replaced with anything, indicating that the ...
11
Like @himself noted, it does mean 葉人をつかまえたんだな. While some dialects do have this change, more importantly it's used to characterise the speaker as a stereotypical wise old male (usually in anime or otherwise in a fiction).
11
It's ambiguous whether いらして would be a form of いらしる or いらす, but neither verb exists in the standard language.
いらす isn't listed in dictionaries as a word because it's not a separate verb with a full range of forms. It would be more accurate to say that いらし is a reduced form of いらっしゃっ, the 音便形 of いらっしゃる. (The 音便形 is the altered form of the 連用形 that appears ...
11
That P (simply read ピー) stands for プロデューサー ("Producer"). Traditionally, P has been used like a name suffix for a super-high executive in the showbiz/broadcasting/anime industry (someone even higher than a "D", or 監督/director). However, after the success of the Idolm@aster franchise, where a "producer" has a role closer to that of an agent or a manager, this "...
10
The second paragraph can be answered in large part by What changes are made to the pronunciation of gairaigo? and by Less-approximate and more-approximate forms of loan words and by Different transcriptions for words with related origin .
As for the third paragraph, Wikipedia says the Agency for Cultural Affairs (文化庁) at the Ministry of Education of Japan (...
10
～っぴ/～っち is a sort of "suffix" which generates cute-sounding nicknames. Think of it as an rough equivalent of -ie as in doggie, walkie-talkie, etc.
へたっぴ (下手【へた】 + っぴ, clumsy person)
けろけろけろっぴ (けろけろ + っぴ)
たまごっち (たまご + っち)
弱っぴい itself is not common (probably I haven't seen this before), but it should simply mean "weak boy/guy".
10
For casual, which is acceptable as a client I would go with
じゃあ、カレーにします。
If you want to be more polite then
それなら、カレーにします。
じゃあ means : then; well; so; well then
それなら means : if that's the case
10
There are at least three types of omission of く, which should be distinguished.
The "traditional western" euphoric change is called ウ音便 and is described in this question, this one and a chart in this page. ku becomes (y)u, etc. This sounds old-fashioned and elegant. While this is commonly heard in samurai dramas, only a few courteous elder people use this ...
9
あー
うーむ
うーん
うーんと
えー
えーっと
えーと
そのう
ふうむ
んー
I am sure there are more.
8
As a Phenomena of Fast/Casual Speech
As Tsujimura(2007) describes, this a non-mandatory phonological process (not a syntactical one) called nasal syllabification. Consider these examples and a non-example as they might be written in native orthography:
来るのなら → 来るんなら
君のうち → 君んち
しらない → しんない
かえらない → かえんない
おくらない → おくんない
学者になる → 学者んなる
僕のうち → ...
8
The word that we often use to express enthusiasm is 「[是非]{ぜひ}」= "by all means".
「是非[行]{い}きます！」,「是非行きたいです！」,「是非行きましょう！」, 「是非行こう！」, etc.
You can add 「あ」 or 「あっ」 in front of 「是非」, too.
To express even more enthusiasm, you could use 「[絶対]{ぜったい}」 or 「[必]{かなら}ず」 in place of 「是非」.
8
Your observations are correct. 同居 does not necessarily imply sexual relations. For example 両親と同居する, 兄と同居する, and so on are perfectly natural.
同棲 (or 同せい since 棲 is not in the Joyo kanji list) is the one that does imply having sexual relations without getting married. 両親と同棲する is incorrect.
Of course, 俺と同居しよう or 俺と一緒に住もう would be actually understood as a ...
8
「いってえ」 is how the "tough Kanto guy" would colloquially pronounce 「[一体]{いったい}」.
「一体」, when combined with a question word (in this case, どう), is the Japanese equivalent of "on earth", "the heck", "the f***", etc.
「この[品物]{しなもの}の[山]{やま}はいってえどうしたことだ。」 = "How on earth did you get all this mountain of stuff?"
Depending on the context, there may be a better ...
8
To me, at least, this question is two-fold.
Grammatical past-tense in the purely technical sense.
How native speakers actually use tenses when speaking while looking at pictures.
In pure grammar:
「楽{たの}しそうだ」⇒「楽しそうだった」 and
「楽しそうです」⇒「楽しそうでした」
In reality:
The vast majority of native speakers would not use either one of the two phrases above in ...
8
In this particular case, I agree with Shoko's assessment that it is just bending the rules of 送り仮名 for effect, and not the suffix 〜っちい. (Maybe she will elaborate on that in a full answer.)
〜っちい as a suffix is similar to the English suffix -y or -like, but with a negative connotation. Unlike 〜っぽい, it usually isn't tacked on to whatever word you want.
...
8
This is an abbreviated form of 〜てくれない, meaning "to not do 〜 for me". So 貸してくれない means "won't lend me", but phrased as a question like this (likely with a rising intonation) mean "Hey Maruo, won't you lend me your dictionary for a bit?"
8
To refer to bicycles:
自転車: The formal word for bicycles. It includes so-called 電動自転車 (electric-assisted bicycles), but does not include motorcycles with petrol-powered engines.
チャリ: A common slang term for 自転車. It's an abbreviation of チャリンコ which means the same thing. By the way, according to this, the etymology of チャリンコ is not clear. You can use チャリ when ...
8
Judging from the context you provided, 「いんやぁ」 would have to be the informal pronunciation of 「いやあ」, which is an exclamation of surprise.
「ん」 quite often appears in a similar fashion for emphasis in colloquial speech.
「すんごい」 for 「すごい」,
「うんめえ」 for 「うめえ」, etc.
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