I love in Japanese, how adjectival clauses are just added in front of nouns like adjectives. The pizza that I ate = 私が食べたピザ But last night I became confused... In english we have words to link the clause to the main sentence (my grammar knowledge and terminology is pathetic, I know). a) The ball **that** I kicked<br> b) The pen **with which** I wrote<br> c) The building **that** I entered<br> d) The garden **in which** I played<br> Lets first look at a different form of those A) I kicked the ball<br> 私はボールを蹴った<br> B) I wrote **with** the pen<br> 私はペンで書いた<br> C) I entered the building<br> 私はビルに入った<br> D) I played **in** the garden<br> 私は庭に遊んだ<br> In the Japanese we use different particles に、を、で to describe what part each word plays in the sentence. Just like the english (with, in). When we change the english to the first form (a,b,c,d). We use (with which, in which, that). But from what I've seen, in the Japanese form the pattern is indistinguishable between a,b,c,d a) The ball **that** I kicked<br> 私が蹴ったボール<br> b) The pen **with which** I wrote<br> 私が書いたペン<br> c) The building **that** I entered<br> 私が入ったビル<br> d) The garden **in which** I played<br> 私が遊んだ庭<br> Is that correct? It seems to lose any idea of what part the noun played in the action - it's ambiguous. To me (b) reads: "The pen I wrote". But maybe it could be read as "The pen I wrote on" or "The pen I wrote with". Am I doing it right? Or am I missing something. It may be that the part a noun plays in the action is never ambiguous, but I'm not sure if that's true.