Questions tagged [renyōkei]
連用形. An inflection of verbs and adjectives known by various names in English, including "continuative form", "infinitive", "the stem", "conjunctive form", and even "Vmasu form" (since it's the form that appears before 〜ます, although of course this name doesn't work for adjectives). Sometimes called 中立形 in Japanese. Formed with -i for consonant-stem verbs, -∅ for vowel-stem verbs, and -ku for adjectives.
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Use of ており JLPT N3: 「このような都市はコンパクトシティと言われており、...」
I am studying a reading book for JLPT3 and I came across a grammar I can't seem to find:
このような都市はコンパクトシティと言われており、お年寄りも気軽にいろいろな場所へ行くことができる。
Can someone explain the use of the verb おる here?
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Why are both 選び and 祝福した taking the same object even though one is in their masu stem and the other isn't? [duplicate]
I noticed that in this sentence:
主{しゅ}はあなたを選{えら}び、祝福{しゅくふく}した。
選{えら}び (masu stem) and 祝福{しゅくふく}した (noun + suru verb) take the same object. Is there a grammar rule for this? I can't seem to find any ...
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The tense of osagashi
In the sentence "nanika osagashi desu ka?" (Are you looking for something), in which tense is "osagashi"? Why is it not osagashimasu?
user56721
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る dropped from passive form? [duplicate]
I'm currently translating some song lyrics for my own understanding (境界線 by Amazarashi) - I had some confusion on the following line:
境界線の向こう側で 忘れ去られ
終わる定め そう知りながら
屈服することを 許さぬあの声は
かつての戦友か 己の心か
Per ...
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A lone 連用形 in song lyrics
The lyrics to 魅惑劇 by ALI PROJECT contain the following fragment:
叶わぬ願いは過去のもの
愛する痛みは傷を閉じ
魅惑劇
I would take the bolded 閉じ to be either continuative or a nominalization, except in the first case there ...
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Trying to figure out the Japanese tale's sentence
ある年のこと、大雨が切れめなく、ザアザアふったので、村は水びたしになってしまい、村人は、 とてもこまりました。
I don't understand the second part "村は水びたしになってしまい". I figured out that this means "The village ended up becoming dipped in water....
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What is this ~れ verb form used in the middle of the sentence? Is it ~られて/~れて without the て?
I saw this sentence in a light novel.
浮遊感に穏やかに包まれ、玉響の安息。
What is this verb form 「包まれ」? It looks like it's supposed to be 「包まれて」but with the て dropped. I've seen this form every now and then, but I ...
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Why is 大きく違い grammatically correct?
日本は南北に長い国なので、南と北では気候が大きく違い、…
(From Tobira Gateway to Advanced Japanese, p.5.)
I thought 大きく is an adverb, so it can only qualify a verb; but 違い is a noun. What's going on here?
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Why is 暗い conjugated as 暗くsometimes?
I know in past tense, you use く like 暗くない but even in present tense, I see example phrases where 暗く is used.
For instance:
もう暗くなったから、帰りましょう。
I'm a beginner so bear with me please and thanks!
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Use 連用形 as a 形容動詞 (na-adjective)
In the lyric of 余白 by 尾崎由香, there is the line
言わば引きこもりなくせに
In this line, the 連用形 of the verb 引きこもる seems to be used as a 形容動詞. While it is quite common to use the 連用形 of a verb as a noun, this is ...
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Is 仕方 a particular case of the pattern V連用形 + 方?
There is a pattern to express the way of doing things. First comes a verb in the 連用形 form, and after that comes the word 方{かた}. For example:
食べ + 方 → 食べ方 (the way of eating)
読み + 方 → 読み方 (the way of ...
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やまをこえ、のを こえて、。。。-- how to interpert "こえ"?
I'm a newbie and I'm now trying to parse my first text, the １１ぴきの猫 children book.
There is a sentence: 山をこえ、のを こえて、どんどん 行くと、はるかむこうに みずうみが みえました。
I think the overall meaning is clear, but I'm puzzled ...
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What is the nuance of using 連用形 with すれば rather than other forms of conditionals?
Recently I came across
優希から直取りすれば逆転トップだぞ！？
And I was surprised to see it written like that rather than
優希から直取れば逆転トップだぞ！？
Is this a general thing that can be done with any 連用形 form of a verb? If ...
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The use of し in this sentence [duplicate]
I'm using manga to learn some grammar and the following sentence came up.
オレは旅をし世界をめぐっていると…
I can't figure out why し is being used. I know it can be used for listing and such, but being next to を ...
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Use of 揺らせ as 連用形
I've come across the following clause in ノルウェイの森.
十月の風はすすきの穂をあちこちで揺らせ, ...
揺らせ here clearly seems to be functioning as a 連用形, but I'm not quite sure how this can be derived from 揺らす as it's not 揺らして. ...
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Can you use the し particle without dictionary forms? [duplicate]
日本は集団主義、序列社会である。ものを大事にし、他者への配慮、思いやりを理解すべし
I'm struggling to work out the precise function of the し in ものを大事にし here.
Well - I'm quite sure it is the し particle for linking clauses, but the lack of a ...
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What is the difference between 連用形 'て-form' and the い-stem?
If they are the same syntactically, why is it right to say 食べている but not 食べいる? Why is it right to say 食べ続ける, but not 食べて続ける? Forgive my ignorance on this topic.
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読み取られ without る [duplicate]
示に従い、カメラで学生証を写すと顔写真や学籍番号などが読み取られログインが進む。
The school released a new application, and the teacher instructed the students to install it on their cell phones. The activation process is by reading (...
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やり い-form conjunction vs て-form conjunction
From Assimil's "Japanese With Ease" volume 2, lesson 72, sentence 10.
その上【うえ】一人【ひとり】で起【お】き上【あ】がれないから,そのたんびに起【お】こしてやり,半【はん】日【にち】かかって,やっとひとつの山【やま】から降【お】りられた。
その上【うえ】一人【ひとり】で起【お】き上【あ】がれないから,
...
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Do all the い-adjectives become adverbs when you add く to them?
Do all い-adjectives become adverbs when you add く to them? For example:
新しい = 新しく
早い = 早く
But does this work with all the い-adjectives?
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Why is kiru represented as kiri in おじいさん が 山 へ 木 を きり に いけば
I can't fathom why the verb kiru is in the masu form without the masu attached in this sentence:
おじいさん が 山{やま} へ 木{き} を きり に いけば
What is the purpose?
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Logic behind grammar patterns
One of my current biggest challenges in learning Japanese sentence patterns is knowing which verb forms to use when linking to set phrases.
The largest classes of verb forms I've seen that are used ...
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Nominalizing verb with い-ending vs ーの
In my Japanese class today, we were supposed to say a sport we liked. I said:
泳ぎが好きです。
We haven't learned this way of nominalizing verbs or the names of many sports, so my 先生 shook her head no and I ...
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五段動詞特異的なイ音便について
Are there any explanations for the 五段動詞-specific イ音便 of 連用形+た/て that aren't based/dependent on the 子音語幹/母音語幹 explanation for the differences in 五段動詞/上一段動詞 conjugations?
For example, take 開く and 飽きる, ...
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Removal of て in Japanese novels
Is て sometimes dropped in Japanese Novella?
I'm asking as I recall being told (in one of my previous question's comment section) that て is sometimes dropped in Japanese novels. And yet, when I went ...
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Renyoukei at the end of a sentence
https://www.spookizthemovie.jp/
I'm curious about the renyoukei at the end of the last sentence of the description:
ある日、偶然拾ったスマホがきっかけで、キュラが、好奇心旺盛な人間の少女・ハナに出会ってしまい・・・。
What does it do at the end ...
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How do you formulate the 連用中止 with 形容動詞 (な adjectives) and 名詞 (nouns)?
According to my textbook, verb and i-adjective sentences can be chained with the 連用中止【れんようちゅうし】 form like this:
Later on, I came across this exercise where I'm required to replace the adjectives' ...
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What does にとり mean？
Could somebody please help me to understand what にとり means in the following sentence (taken from a letter explaining the change to Reiwa era) :
「私達日本人{わたしたちにほんじん}にとり身近{みぢか}で重大{じゅうだい}な最新{さいしん}の話題{...
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Etymology of 見舞い
Visiting someone in hospital clearly involves seeing that person. But dancing? Does 舞 have some other, relevant meaning? Did it pertain to a traditional, sacred dance for health? Or is this ateji?
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meaning of なく followed by なし
In the context of a very well fortified place,
what does 入る者なく出る者なし mean?
It seems like it would mean: none may enter, none may leave, but
I'd like to make sure, and understand the naku form better. ...
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Grammaticality of two kanji verbs without their conjugating part
A friend told me he's going to get a tattoo with "頑張".
頑張 doesn't exist on the dictionary without its -る conjugating part, so is it grammatically correct using it alone, as if it was a noun? Does it ...
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「あまもり」と一段動詞「もれる」
天井などに欠陥があって，あめがふったときなどに，みずがもれだしてくることは「あまもり」といいます．しかし，この語の後半「もり」と関係があるとおもわれる動詞「もれる」は一段活用です．その連用形を名詞としてもちいているのだとすれば「もれ」でなくてはなりません．このことから，かつては，「もれる」とおなじ意味の「もる」という五段動詞があったのではないかとおもいたくなります．...
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What is the role of し after the noun?
I can't understand the role of し after 留学 in the sentence:
来年、日本に留学しに行くと決めた。
I heard that it is supposed to be a conjugated form of する, but I don't know a conjugation ending in just し. Any ideas?
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Meaning of ようになり
The problematic part is emboldened.
縄文時代は、縄文土器が使用された時代を示す呼称であったが、次第に生活内容を加えた特徴の説明が為されるようになり、磨製石器を造る技術、土器の使用、農耕狩猟採集経済、定住化した社会ととらえられるようになった。
I can't understand how does the ようになり function here.
...
user31255
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What form is 超え in 人の理を超え…?
my question is , what does 超え in 人の理を超えその身を保ち生き永らえながら…その全てを搾取支配人を弄ぶことに費やして…何を為そうとした' mean ?
Is it a form of 越える? If yes, what form is it (you know, like ～て、～た、～しょう... etc)? I haven't stumbled across ...
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Verb Stem vs. の Nominalizations
I've been wondering about the difference between verb stem (e.g. 話) vs. の (e.g. 話すの) nominalizations.
From what I gather, they refer to different things. It seems the verb stems refer to the objects ...
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Question about "nari"
七三年にはテレビ番組になり、今も毎週続いています。
I understand the sentence to be:
In '73 it became a television show, and today it continues every week.
My question is about the form of the verb なる in the above ...
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What do verbs missing their -る mean? [duplicate]
When I read a light novel, sometimes I see some weird verb that does not have る like it's supposed to. For example, I see 越え instead of 越える, or 抱え instead of 抱える.
From the first page of 生徒会探偵キリカ:
...
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Meaning of で Before a Conjunction [duplicate]
めったに～ない
～するのはほとんどない。
〔例〕店長【てんちょう】は優しい【やさしい】人【ひと】で、めったに怒らない【おこらない】。
'The store manager is a nice person and rarely gets angry.'
What does で mean in this sentence?
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I don't understand what this verb conjugation is: 見えなくなった
This is a quote from Tae Kim's Guide
下に入って、富士山が見えなくなった
Can someone explain what this form of 見える is? It almost seems like they are trying to make a negative verb into an adverb but is that ...
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In which word form does 探し belong to? [duplicate]
I confuse with usage of 探し in this sentence:
探しに行くんだ そこへ
I have tried to google it. But they show me 探す which is a u-verb. And I am unable to find sagashi. The closest one is sagashita which is ...
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Grammar justification for 連用形 ＋ 係助詞「は」＋（ない・ある）
So recently I came across these two answers to two very interesting questions, and related: one and two.
Both mention the following form:
(連用形{れんようけい} of something) + (optional 係助詞{かかりじょし}) + (...
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What does おり mean in this sentence?
Is it from the verb 居る? If it's so, why is not it ております?
怪人による被害はこれまでにない規模の拡大を続けており、…
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How is ではなく formed?
この女の人はペンチではなく、ハンマーを使っています。
I believe the sentence means
The woman is using a hammer, not a pliers.
But I couldn't understand ではなく, how is this structure formed?
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Why do they use the 連用形 instead of the て form here? [duplicate]
I know that the て form can be used to connect verbs together, like the English "and":
毎日私は食べて寝る。
I eat and sleep every day.
And I know the 連用形 can be used to connect verbs as well, but it ...
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Why does 逃げよ mean 'Escape!"?
I have been watching some anime recently and I often hear people say にげよ (逃げよ in kanji maybe?) and it is usually translated as "(Let's) escape!".
I want to know why it is translated this way. ...
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What does this mean? - help with 続き and なら
日本語で[続]{つづ}きをよむならてつだいますよ！
[続]{つづ}きをよんでほしいです
I'm confused about tsuzuki and nara. Going by it's definition of continuation... it doesn't really make much sense to me plus the conditional...
I get ...
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Masu stem to connect sentences
When using masu-stem to connect sentences, is the short form for shimashita = shi?
昨日無事に大学を卒業しました。日曜日に国へ帰ります。
=
昨日無事に大学を卒業し、日曜日に国へ帰ります。
Is his correct?
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What do the phrases 「ことに」 at the end of a sentence and 「を巡り」 mean?
Here is the sentence relating to my question:
院生たちに慰問に現れた葉子を巡り、再び力石とジョーは拳を交えることに。
For the word 「を巡り」, does it mean 'concerning' which is similar to the meaning of 「を巡って」?
For the word 「ことに」, is it ...
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