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その日も彼は、森の人々が町にやってきて悪さをしないか、森の見回りをしていた

What does the "か" mean here? is it an "if" or is it something else? Or am I overthinking this?

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You need to complement an appropriate verb after か, like to see/check/verify if.

So the sentence means That day he was patrolling around the woods to see if the people there come to town and behave badly.

Normally those to see etc. are omitted.

  • 新情報がないか(どうか)ウェブで調べた Searched on the web (to see) if new info comes up
  • 壊れてないか起動してみる (e.g. after spilling water over PC) Try booting the device (to check) if it isn't broken

Inserting (か)調べるために/確かめるために in the above sentences would sound lengthy.

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