3 Questions from a Shin Kanzen Master N1 Passage

Question

Here is another passage I read from Shin Kanzen Master Dokkai N1. (Well, it's actually an excerpt from Asahi Shinbun.)

For this passage, I have several questions:

1. Usage of という

Here I encircled two instances of という. At first, I thought that these two というs are used differently, but I think they are the same in the sense that they both serve to quote the expression that precedes it, except that the first one is a direct quote, while the other one is an indirect quote. Can anyone confirm this?

2. That にである (end of first paragraph)

I was surprised when I saw に next to である. Is this a typographical error? Is this a truncated sentence? I have not seen a sentence like this before.

3. Another case of だ抜き? (last paragraph, second sentence)

Here I found out that だ抜き happens often. So far, I have seen the structure だと〜 becoming と〜. In the last paragraph however, there was no と〜 at the end. Can this be considered as another example of だ抜き?

Answer 1

1. The first と言う should be treated more literally. Someone probably said that quote. The second という should be treated as 「らしい」 or 「そうだ」. It demonstrates hearsay. Although this doesn't always hold true, whether 言う is in kanji or not often clues you in for whether you should be taking "say" literally or not.

2. にである is not a grammar point. You should be reading the passage, not reading the sentence by itself. Context is important. The sentence before it says:

その話に河合さんは驚いた。
Kawai-san was surprised.

What 話 was she surprised at? Well, the next sentence fills you in:

一週間努力すれば友達ができる、と思っていることにである。
She was surprised that they thought you could make friends if you worked hard for week.

You can just substitute this part of the sentence to the sentence before it:

一週間努力すれば友達ができる、と思っていることに河合さんは驚いた。

3. Yes, your assumption is right. I can't say I am 100% sure, so someone else can correct me if I'm wrong about this.