There are a lot of ways you could go with this. Informal language tends to be a bit different between males and females, for one. In your first example,「好きな季節は?」or「どの季節が一番好き(だ、なんだ、なの)?」would work. Here, だ is more masculine-ish, なんだ is also somewhat masculine-ish and softer, なの is feminine-ish. You also probably wouldn't want to use 大好き here, since you presumably don't know if the other person has a season they like that much. It is possible to say e.g.「僕の大好きな季節はな~んだ?さあ、当ててみて」though.
「これ、食べもんなの?」,「これは食べ物なのか?」,「これは食べ物か?」are all pretty normal ways to ask the question.「これって、食べられるの?」「これ、食べられるか?」are similar ways to ask the same question (well, they literally mean "is this edible?" though).「これはたべもの?」can certainly work (it can sound cute/funny), but if you don't want to sound like a foreigner you probably don't want to use it.
For some formal → informal examples:
「どこへ行きましょうか?」 → 「どこへ行こうか?」 ⇔ 「どこ行こうか?」
「何をしているんですか?」 → 「何をしてる(の)?」 ⇔ 「何してんの?」
「それ、やめてくれませんか?」 → 「それ、やめてくれる?」
「どうですか?」 → 「どう?」
「これでいいですか?」 → 「これでいい?」