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I imagine that in じゃんけんぽん, けん corresponds to 拳 which I interpret as "fist" which is "rock".
Do じゃん and ぽん correspond to "scissors" and "paper" ?
If not, then do the individual parts of じゃん, けん and ぽん mean anything on their own or are they derived from another word?
According to this article, "じゃんけんぽん" is a corruption of the Chinese pronunciation of "両拳碰, which is pronounced in Cantonese "loeng kyun pung". 碰 in Chinese means "to collide" or "to clash", so the full phrase means "two fists collide".
The names for the hand signals are グー(rock), チョキ (scissors), and パー (paper). I don't know where these words come from, but I've never heard じゃん, けん, or ぽん to refer to them individually, just the game. (The reverse isn't true, though. I've heard the game be referred to as グーチョキパー)
