The etymology and meaning of Oss, Osu, Ossu

Question

I am training at a new Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu academy, and their use of the word "Oss" is ubiquitous.

I have asked and also answered the question What is the etymology and meaning of Oss? in the Martial Arts StackExchange forum. However, following the lead of another community member and his question in this forum, I wanted to see if I could further clarify my answer by understanding the Japanese to a greater degree. I would be grateful for any further references.

Here is what I've come up with so far:

The Meaning of Oss

• persevering when pushed
• to push and to suffer¹
• to keep the faith¹
• the equivalent of a warm-handshake¹
• hello, yes, or I understand, (additional reference)
• acknowledging an opponent's good, hard technique, or, their skill, (additional reference)
• the absolute and unfaltering devotion needed to "scale the cliff" of a martial art discipline
• good job, rad, or kewl brah²

From Kyokushin Karate:

This strength of character develops in hard training and is known as Osu no Seishin 押忍の精神 (the Spirit of Osu). The word Osu comes from Oshi Shinobu 押し忍ぶ, which means "to persevere whilst being pushed". It implies a willingness to push oneself to the limits of endurance, to persevere under any kind of pressure.

From Carlson Gracie's philosophy of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu:

In BJJ, Carslon Gracie introduced the use of the word “Oss” and it rightly fits the mentality of Carlson Gracie Jiu-Jitsu: Brave, determined, strong, smashing. It’s a bit similar to the war cry “Hoo-ah” that you will hear U.S. Marines use.

The Etymology of Oss, Osu, and Ossu

Oshi Shinobu

• 押し :: Oshi meaning "Push"
• 忍ぶ :: Shinobu meaning "to Endure"
• to persevere whilst being pushed

Meaning, patience, determination, and perseverance.

Onegaishimasu

• おねがいします :: Onegaishimasu or Onegai Shimasu meaning "Please", (additional reference)

Meaning, a polite or honorific way of requesting something from another, of saying "please".

Ohayossu, Ohayoosu, and Oossu

From Jesse Enkamp of Karate by Jesse, who quotes Dr. Mizutani Osamu³:

• オハヨス :: "Ohayossu!”, “Ohayoosu!”, “Oossu!” meaning "Hey ya!"

Meaning, "hey ya", by male runners in the midst of jogging, responding in rougher, masculine ways to Dr. Mizutani's greeting to them of "Ohayo gozaimasu!" (good morning).³

So it seems that the term oss, which is derived from osu or ossu, has a variety of interpretations and meanings.

However, there also seems to be a common essence shared among them all.

"Oss" seems to mean having humility and an acknowledgement of respect for the person to whom it is being spoken; to have a perspective of strength and perseverance towards a challenge that is being addressed, or, that is to be endured; in more general or colloquial contexts, it operates as an affirmative acknowledgment, a greeting, or a polite request.

Am I on the right track, or am I missing something?

¹_{FEY, B.R., 1994, To oss or not to oss: that is the question, Dojo Magazine, Winter 1994, p. 80-81}
²_{These are general impressions from training, class, and, sigh, bro-jitsu experiences.}
³_{Mizutani, Osamu, Japanese: The Spoken Language in Japanese Life, Tokyo, Sotakusha, Inc., 1981, p. 59-60}

Answer 1

I've researched a little online and stumbled upon a few interpretations of the origins of Oss but most of them seem to tackle it the wrong way. There are actually two separate words that seem to be mingled into one but that most Japanese seem to differentiate.

The "Oss" mostly used in martial arts is actually said differently from the other word "'ss". " 'ss" Starts with a muted exhaling sound instead of an open-mouthed "o" use in the "Oss" followed by the same dragging "ss".

Osu -> Oss
"Oss", as explained in other articles comes from "押忍", is used in sports in general (baseball students or any other team that trains seriously tend to use it here in Shikoku island) starts with an open mouth sound and finishes with a dragging "ss".

The other similar word " 'ss" comes from the shortened form of other words. Those words can be shortened differently depending on the situation and urgency or roughness. Roughness usually equals to determination for men/boys who shorten "Osu" or the other words and is always said with conviction. I've never heard a half-assed " 'ss" or "Oss"... yet ;)

Onegaishimasu -> Onuhashmass -> uhmass -> mss -> 'ss
Arigato gozaimasu -> agmassu -> agmss -> mss -> 'ss
Ganbarimasu -> ganbmassu -> gamss -> mss -> 'ss
Yoroshiku onegaishimasu -> yoroshknegaishmass -> yoshmass -> mass -> 'ss

P.S.: I was surprised that no articles mentioned the word "Ganbarimasu" that is widely used all around Japan and shortened the same way.

Compared to the Osu (Oss) two of those words are often used in the past tense and that's where they become easy to differentiate since there is not past tense for "Oss".

arigato gozaimashita, ganbarimashita -> ...various shortened version... -> 'shta*
*Quite a few other words are shortened to 'shta since it's the common past tense conjugation

Students and teachers using Oss everyday sometimes replace the common " 'ss"/"'shta" for an "Oss" in many situations but not in all of them. People not using Oss would only use 'ss or 'shta unless they want to show ultimate determination by borrowing the "Oss" from competitive sports. It is then a little out of place, since people around would know that the person isn't involved in an activity usually using "Oss", and would have a stronger impact.

I guess it's a risky thing to use "oss" for someone not able to "read the mood" and the "Oss" might be perceived as a joke instead of determination if not said with enough seriousness.

I think that Japanese can put up with a lot of misuses of the language as long as it's not overused or continuous. I don't think that the general public would take any offense in using "Oss" but since it's usually serious business, the best thing is to look at the Japanese people present while saying it and see if they look irritated. Once would be fine anywhere... but Japanese expect people to realize it when they are annoying; reading body language/facial expression is a necessity in Japan.

I hope my input helps to clarify the origins of "Oss" and it's close neighbor the " 'ss". I am sure that if you start to listen carefully you'll "see" the difference quite fast.

Answer 2

You've pretty much provided an elaborate answer to your question, but I'd at least offer one of the more accepted explanation of its origin: an abbreviation of the standard morning greeting,

おはようございます　→　おはよっす　→　おわーす　→　おす →　押忍

as offered here and here (Japanese).

Answer 3

In a military context, おっす is used in the same way as お疲れ様です. So when passing another soldier on base you greet them with either おっす (which sounds like 'ossss') or お疲れ様（です）. I actually thought おっす was a contraction of お疲れ様です until reading some of the other replies here.