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I am training at a Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu academy, and their use of the word "Oss" is ubiquitous.
I have asked and also answered the question What is the etymology and meaning of Oss? in the Martial Arts StackExchange forum. However, I wanted to see if I could further clarify my answer by understanding the Japanese to a greater degree. I would be grateful for any further references.
What is the etymology and meaning of "oss"?
I've researched a little online and stumbled upon a few interpretations of the origins of oss but most of them seem to tackle it the wrong way. There are actually two separate words that seem to be mingled into one but that most Japanese seem to differentiate.
The oss mostly used in martial arts is actually said differently from the other word 'ss. 'ss starts with a muted exhaling sound instead of an open-mouthed "o" use in the oss followed by the same dragging "ss".
Oss, as explained in other articles comes from 押忍, as used in sports in general (baseball students or any other team that trains seriously tend to use it here in Shikoku island) starts with an open mouth sound and finishes with a dragging "ss".
The other similar word 'ss comes from an abbreviation of other words. Those words can be shortened differently depending on the situation and urgency or roughness. Roughness usually equates to determination for men/boys who shorten osu or the other words and is always said with conviction. I've never heard a half-assed 'ss or oss... yet ;)
P.S.: I was surprised that no articles mentioned the word ganbarimasu that is widely used all around Japan and shortened the same way.
Compared to the osu, two of those words are often used in the past tense and that's where they become easy to differentiate since there is no past tense for oss.
Students and teachers using oss everyday sometimes replace the common 'ss/'shta with an oss in many situations but not in all of them. People not using oss would normally 'ss or 'shta unless they want to show ultimate determination by borrowing the oss from competitive sports. It is then a little out of place, since people around would know that the person isn't involved in an activity usually using oss, and would have a stronger impact.
I guess it's a risky thing to use oss for someone not able to "read the mood" and the oss might be perceived as a joke instead of determination if not said with enough seriousness.
I think that Japanese can put up with a lot of misuses of the language as long as it's not overused or continuous. I don't think that the general public would take any offense in using oss but since it's usually serious business, the best thing is to look at the Japanese people present while saying it and see if they look irritated. Once would be fine anywhere... but Japanese expect people to realize it when they are annoying; reading body language/facial expression is a necessity in Japan.
I hope my input helps to clarify the origins of oss and its close neighbour 'ss. I am sure that if you start to listen carefully you'll "see" the difference quite fast.
You've pretty much provided an elaborate answer to your question, but I'd at least offer one of the more accepted explanation of its origin: an abbreviation of the standard morning greeting,
おはようございます → おはよっす → おわーす → おす → 押忍
In a military context, おっす is used in the same way as お疲れ様です. So when passing another soldier on base you greet them with either おっす (which sounds like 'ossss') or お疲れ様（です）. I actually thought おっす was a contraction of お疲れ様です until reading some of the other replies here.
The word Oss most likely came from the Japanese Kyokushin Karate schools that would say "Osu no Seishin."
In this phrase, Osu means to push and Seishin means to endure so the entire meaning is something like pushing and enduring, which is interpreted approximately as combat spirit.
Eventually this was shortened into just Osu, and this morphed into the Oss we all hear on the Jiu Jitsu mats daily.
(reference: What does Oss Mean?)
The word Oss or Osu is used in Brazilian Jiu-jitsu (or BJJ) by practitioners who usually transfer from Eastern martial arts. Oss is not a usual term and you can avoid using it altogether, nobody is going to blink an eye.
But maybe it's best to just ask for the etiquette, you want to blend it :)
Source: The Meaning of “OSS” or “OSU” (and when NOT to say it!)
Here is what I was able to discover on my own:
From Kyokushin Karate:
From Carlson Gracie's philosophy of Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu:
Meaning, patience, determination, and perseverance.
Meaning, a polite or honorific way of requesting something from another, of saying "please".
From Jesse Enkamp of Karate by Jesse, who quotes Dr. Mizutani Osamu3:
Meaning, "hey ya", by male runners in the midst of jogging, responding in rougher, masculine ways to Dr. Mizutani's greeting to them of "Ohayo gozaimasu!" (good morning).3
So it seems that the term oss, which is derived from osu or ossu, has a variety of interpretations and meanings.
However, there also seems to be a common essence shared among them all.
"Oss" seems to mean having humility and an acknowledgement of respect for the person to whom it is being spoken; to have a perspective of strength and perseverance towards a challenge that is being addressed, or, that is to be endured; in more general or colloquial contexts, it operates as an affirmative acknowledgment, a greeting, or a polite request.
1FEY, B.R., 1994, To oss or not to oss: that is the question, Dojo Magazine, Winter 1994, p. 80-81
2These are general impressions from training, class, and, sigh, bro-jitsu experiences.
3Mizutani, Osamu, Japanese: The Spoken Language in Japanese Life, Tokyo, Sotakusha, Inc., 1981, p. 59-60
