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From Jisho.org, the words 最低{さいてい} (saitei) and 最悪{さいあく} (saiaku) both mean "worst", while the words 最高{さいこう} (saikou) and 最良{さいりょう} (sairyou) both mean "best".
Jisho lists 最低 as antonym of 最高, and lists 最悪 as antonym of 最良. The fact that Jisho associates to each of them a specific antonym, to me, is a sign that these two antonym pairs have different usages.
What are the differences between those two pairs, 最低 - 最高 versus 最悪 - 最良?
Usually 一番／最も良い and 一番／最も悪い would be good semantic counterparts of best and worst in English, respectively. The words you mentioned all have extra connotations when they seem to translate "best" or "worst".
最低
This word literally means (as a superlative) just "lowest", as in 最低気温 "lowest temperature" or 最低賃金 "lowest (=minimal) wage". It however has another mostly colloquial meaning that is "base, low" as in "low deed". In this meaning it's no longer a superlative, which is proven by the fact you can add another 一番 before it.
私が出会った中で一番最低な男
the lowest man (= the biggest jerk = the worst man) I've ever seen
The slang usage is often shown in katakana (サイテー).
最高
The literal meaning is "highest" or "supreme", as in 最高裁判所 "Supreme Court". This word also has a colloquial meaning that translates into "great feeling, fantastic, on the top of the world" etc., that could be reworded as "best", could be written サイコー, and accepts an extra 一番 as well.
ここの料理は最高だな！
Their food is awesome (= superb = the best)!
最悪
Its exact nuance in ordinary meaning is something like "most unwanted", as in 最悪の事態 "worst case". Again, the second meaning: "(felt) awful, annoying, terrible", also written サイアク, and yes, you can say 一番最悪 too. So in this sense, 最悪 and 最高 make antonyms.
最悪、地球を脱出しなければならない。
At worst, we will have to escape the Earth.今年に入って一番最悪なミス
The most terrible (= the worst) mistake since the beginning of this year
最良
It is simply the antonym of 最悪's non-slang meaning, that is "most satisfactory, optimal". This one has no other meaning, but is a relatively bookish word. You'll often find another word 最善, which means "the best possible", more useful than this.
I am not sure that the antonym description is referencing discrete usage between each pair, however it is a matter of kanji choice:
最低 = "the worst" (lit. The lowest)
最高 = "the best" (lit. The tallest)最悪 = "the worst" (lit. The most bad)
最良 = "the best" (lit. The most good)
So, removing the kanji for 最, you can see that those pairs are now real antonyms of each other.
IMHO, 最低{さいてい} (saitei) and 最悪{さいあく} (saiaku) both mean "worst" but, when we translate individually we can get :
最 (sai) mean "extreme, most, utmost"
低 (hiku-, tei mean "humble, lower, short" and
悪 (aku) mean "evil, false, bad, etc".
So it means that people are using 低 (hiku-, tei) for general purpose. for ex:
費用{ひよう}は[最低]{さいてい}[一万円]{いちまんえん}です。
It means that "The expense is 10000 yen at lowest."
悪 (aku) for bad habits, attitude, or wrong situation. for ex:
[車]{くるま}の値段{ねだん}が[跳]{は}ね[上]{あ}がっているので[今]{いま}は[買]{か}う[時期]{じき}としては[最悪]{さいあく}だ。
it means that "With car prices so high, now is the worst time to buy."
Im not sure its right or wrong, but i try to help and thats what i get for studying japanese.
Feel free to correct me.
