It is a situation that a boy who wanted to retaliate to another one but was prevented by an officer.
The first boy: はなせっ あのやろうとケリをつけるんだ こないだの借りをたたきかえしてやるんだっ
The officer (said to the first boy): この問題児めおまえに歯のたつ相手か!
In my opinion, the officer would ask something about how the first boy retaliate to the another one by using his teeth. However, I don't see any transitive verb to use with 'his teeth'. Is it possible that the phrase contains figurative meaning?
お前に歯の立つ相手か!
-> You could rephrase it 「お前に[敵]{かな}う相手か!」