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I found these sentences in a book:

Kaigi wa itsu arimasu ka?
Kore wa nan desu ka?

Could anyone please tell me why it's ..itsu desu.. and not ..itsu ga desu..Similarly, why it's ..nan desu.. and not ..nan ga desu.., whereas in these statements, 'ga' is used:

Kono heya ni dare ga imasu ka?
Ano heya ni nani ga arimasu ka?

Also, is it wrong to say 'nan ga' in the second statement above?

I'm pretty new to Japanese grammar and like many others, I'm not very clear regarding the usage of 'ga'. From the websites I've gone through, I've come to assume that one of the uses of 'ga' is to indicate a specific person, thing, etc and so when it's used in simple sentences, it follows interrogative words like 'dore', 'dochira', etc.

For example,

Dore ga anata no hon desu ka?

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2 Answers 2

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As you said, "ga" is used to indicate specific things, and in some cases can serve as a topic marker. In the first two examples your topic is being marked by "wa". In the case of the latter three examples, the topic.

The first example asks "When is the meeting?".
Kaigi (meeting)
wa (topic marker)
itsu (when, question word)
desu (copula, in this case "is")
ka (question marker)

In this example you are talking about when the meeting is, and "when" is serving more as a property of the meeting.

An example of what I mean is "Watashi wa juu ni ji ni kaigi ni ikimasu.", translated as "I will go to the meeting at 12 o'clock."

In this case the first "ni" marks the specific time, "12 o'clock", and the second "ni" indicates the location I will be going to ("ikimasu" being the -masu form of iku, or "to go"). "Wa" marks the topic, myself.

The question form would be "Watashi wa itsu kaigi ni ikimasu ka?", which asks "When will I go to the meeting?". The topic is still myself, and in this case you do not need a "ni" particle for the time ("when"), though you still need to mark your destination ("kaigi") with a "ni" particle.

Going back to the example, an answer to the question would be "Kaigi wa juu ni ji han desu.", or "The meeting is at 12:30."

In this case there is no particle marking the time because the topic is the meeting, and the time serves as a description of the meeting (being marked/followed by "desu"). It would be wrong in the question form to say "itsu ga", because "when", as I said, is serving as a description of the topic, not as the topic itself.

The second example follows a similar pattern. An answer to "Kore wa nan desu ka?" would be "Kore wa pen desu." or "This is a pen." "Kore" ("this") is the topic and "pen" is describing it. "Kore wa nan ga desu ka?" would also be wrong because again, "kore" is the topic, and "nan" is a description of the topic.

The last three examples you provided however are different, specifically in that the question word is the topic.

The third example asks "Who is in this room?". As you saw in my example of when I will be going to the meeting, the location "kono heya" is marked with "ni", since it is the location of the topic "dare". "imasu ka?" is asking "what animate/living object is at the location?" In an example answer sentence, "Kono heya ni sensei ga imasu.", would say that "the teacher" or "our teacher" (remember, context can be crucial for small nuances in any language), is in "this room". In this case, "wa" is not used since the topic is followed by "imasu" (-masu form of "iru").

The fourth example is asking "What is in this room?", and is just two words different than the third. "Nani" is "what", and "arimasu" (-masu form of "aru") is basically the same thing as "imasu", except it is used for inanimate/non-living objects. You wouldn't say "dare ga arimasu ka?" instead of "dare ga imasu ka?", just like you wouldn't say "what is there?" instead of "who is there?" in English.

Another ordering with (I think, someone correct me if I'm wrong:) the same exact meaning, would be "Dare ga kono heya ni imasu ka?" and "Nani ga kono heya ni arimasu ka?".

The fifth example asks "Which is your book?"
"Dore", which "ga", marking the topic, asking specifically which item it is "anata no", your "hon", book "desu", copula "ka", question marker

Again, "your book" is describing the topic, which in this case happens to be unknown. An answer would be "Kore ga watashi no hon desu." or "This is my book.", and this is where the extended meaning comes in. When you say "ga" in the answer here you are saying "this is my book" and are implying "and only this book is my book". If you say "Kore wa watashi no hon desu." you are saying still that the book you are indicating/holding is "my book", but you are not saying that for sure that is the only book that is yours. Using "ga" would be like emphasizing "This" in "This is my book.", or saying "This, and only this book, is my book." Using "wa" would be like saying "This is my book [but so is that one that you're holding, and that one over there]." (<- implication in []'s).

To put it simply, "wa" and "ga" can both serve as topic markers, with "ga" being more explicit and specific. In addition, when the topic is also the "unknown" part of your question, you need "ga" because you're asking specifically for an answer.

To my knowledge you can't, or it would be extremely unnatural to say for example "Dore wa anata no hon desu ka?" (if I'm wrong/not completely right can somebody more experienced correct me?), and I can't think of any example where the topic would be unknown that you would not use "ga" to indicate it. As I said earlier, in the first two examples the unknown "variable" so to speak in the sentence is not the topic, but something that describes the topic, and is therefore not marked with "ga".

An example of where you would use "itsu ga":
"Itsu ga ii desu ka?", in English "When [specifically] is a good time [for you]?", or colloquially "When is a good time?".

"Nan" and "nani" are both what and indicated by the same kanji "何{なに}", so your fourth example already covers an example of where "何が{なにが}" would be used (I cannot however, thing of a place where you would say "nan ga" instead of "nani ga"), but as another example of where "何が{なにが}" would be used is "Nani ga John-san no suki na tabemono desu ka?", which is in English. "What is John's favorite food?".

"Nani ga", what specifically is
"John-san no", John's
"suki na", literally "liked", colloquially in English we would say "favorite"
"tabemono", food "desu", copula "ka", question marker

I hoped this answered your question. If my answer didn't clear up your confusion please comment so I can improve my answer for you.

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  • Thank you very very much for this detailed explanation.It helped clear the doubts I had :) I've understood that in my first two examples, 'meeting' and the object indicated by 'Kore' are both already known to the user, that is, the question revolves around the topic, it's not the topic, whereas in the third and fourth examples, 'the object(s) in the room' and the 'person/people in the room' is/are unknown, that's the reason for 'ga' being used or not used.Am I right about this?
    – Matte
    Jul 23, 2015 at 7:51
  • Also, pardon me for this silly question, but will I be able to distinguish between 'wa' and 'ga' without confusion, after enough practice with general Japanese grammar, or is there any specific material that I must read to understand these concepts? How did you do it?
    – Matte
    Jul 23, 2015 at 7:55
  • @Matt To address your first comment, judging from what you said I think you got it, but just to be safe I want to re-iterate that yes, they are unknown, and the unknown are the topics of the last 3 examples. In response to your second comment, I think that yes, after a while you will get used to the differences between "wa" and "ga" and be able to use them appropriately, but reading some material that focuses specifically on the nuances of particles would be a good help. I don't know of any specific material, as I learned a lot from my teachers in my Japanese classes (so, from lectures).
    – Pandacoder
    Jul 23, 2015 at 12:43
  • No problem, glad this was useful. :)
    – Pandacoder
    Jul 23, 2015 at 13:16
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Asking and Answering Questions

The use of the particle が{ga} here doesn't change whether it is used in a question or a statement (such as an answer). For example, a statement with the "copula" です{desu} (the verb to be) and a question differs only by the ending with "か{ka}?" to mark questions. Note that "か{ka}" is only used for questions in formal language (with verbs ending in ~ます{masu}) and informal language uses a rising tone.

Kaigi wa itsu arimasu ka?

Kono heya ni dare ga imasu ka?

これは何{なん}です

これ{kore}は{wa}なん{nan}です{desu}か{ka}

What is this?

An answer differs only by omission of "か{ka}?"

これ{kore}は{wa}ペン{pen}です{desu}。

This is a pen.

The verbs い{i}ま{ma}す{su} and あ{a}り{ri}ま{ma}す{su} for existence

This similarity between statements and questions also occurs with phrases using the verb exist (which is often used for "there is" or "to have" in English) which is い{i}ま{ma}す{su} for animate objects (people and animals) and あ{a}り{ri}ま{ma}す{su} for inanimate objects.

この部屋{へや}に誰{だれ}がいますか?

この{kono}へや{heya}に{ni}だれ{dare}が{ga}い{i}ま{ma}す{su}か{ka}

Who is in this room?

The same syntax applies to the answer with か{ka} omitted:

この部屋{へや}にトムさんがいます。

この{kono}へや{heya}に{ni}トム{tomu}さん{san}が{ga}い{i}ま{ma}す{su}。

Mr Tom is in the room.

Note that Japanese people affix ~さん{san} when referring to other people. Never use あ{a}り{ri}ま{ma}す{su} (or the counters ひ{hi}と{to}つ{tsu}, ふ{fu}た{ta}つ{tsu}, etc) for people. It is considered very rude (not just a grammatical mistake). However the syntax for objects is very similar:

あの部屋{へや}に何{なに}がありますか?

あの{ano}へや{heya}に{ni}なに{nani}が{ga}あ{a}り{ri}ま{ma}す{su}か{ka}

What (inanimate object) is in that room (over there)?

The use of the particle が{ga} here is due to the use of phrases with verbs with a subject rather than whether they are combined with a particular question word. However, particles may be dropped when they are obvious and would not impede meaning. This is most common in conversational language with the particles は{wa}, を{wo}, に{ni}, and の{no}.

Readings of 何

なん{nan} and なに{nani} do not have different meanings: they are different readings of the same Kanji (何) meaning "What". There's no really a well defined rule to determine which reading to use but it does seem to depend on which sound follows it in the sentence (and is more "natural" for native speakers to pronounce).

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