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From the Genki II textbook, 3rd edition page 297 (a reading passage about Doraemon):

「これは『アンキパン』だよ。覚えたいことをこのパンに写して、食べてみて。覚えられるから。」のび太くんはパンに写して、全部食べました。もうテストは大丈夫です。

I'm confused about the exact meaning & best translation for this last もう.

My best guess is that it translates like "anymore", but for an affirmative sentence. For example in the English negative sentence 「もう問題ない。」 "It isn't a problem anymore," the "anymore" implies there was some change of state from "being a problem" to "not being a problem". I don't think English has a similar word for affirmative sentences, but that's what I'd guess is happening with the もう above. Am I on the right track?

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Yes, that’s what it is.

And English does have a “positive anymore”; it could be used to say “I’ll be passing my tests anymore”.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_anymore?wprov=sfti1#

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