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Here is how I would categorize these usages. There are probably other ways to explain them, and I do not claim that mine is the best in any sense. (1) ～ようと思う, ～ようと考える, and ～ようと決める are just the usual use of the particle と which signifies quotation, and there is nothing special about the combination of a volitional and と. For example, I think that particle ...

Yes it can be used to nominate yourself in specific situations. I see two main cases. case 1: Do something for someone but in a question. as you tried to explain, But can I also use this to nominate myself to go? For example if a group of people were together and it was decided that only one person needed to go somewhere would it be correct to say "私が行こう"? ...

I am not sure if there is meaning 3). What example sentences do yo have in mind? Your sentence has まい with meaning 1). In both of your translations, you are dropping なる 'be in a good situation'. That is why your translations do not work. A literal translation is: 'Whatever it is, if it's necessary, it probably won't be good if I do not buy it.' This ...

Japanese has a clearer distinction between volitional-future and simple-future than English. "I think I will go" can be parsed in two ways, one involving volition, and one without. 私は行こうと思う (Volitional future) 私は行くと思う (Simple future) "Will" being interpreted without volition when used in the first-person can be a little counter-intuitive. So ...

There are many ways to make requests/suggestions in Japanese, but (some of) the prototypical ones would be: 1 Requests (in order of increasing politeness/formality): 食べてもらえる？ 食べてもらえますか？ 食べていただけます(でしょう)か？ Of course you could just say 食べてください, which would be the polite way to express an imperative. 2 Suggestions (in order of increasing ...