New answers tagged spelling
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It appears that one more-formal way to describe characters like 「っ」 is to use the phrase 「小書{こが}き」文字{もじ} or simply「小書{こが}き」。 So, in the case of 「っ」, it would be something like: 小書{こが}きの「つ」.
But in an informal context, something like「小さい『つ』」would probably get the point across.
For more information, there is a more detailed writeup by a user named ...
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