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Strictly speaking, 鍵{かぎ} is key and 錠{じょう} is lock. However, in daily speech, 錠 is hardly ever used. Usually, people will say 鍵 to mean either key or lock, and the context will make it clear which one it is. However, the じょう reading does appear in several common combinations: 施錠{せじょう} (to) lock 開錠{かいじょう} unlock 南京錠{なんきんじょう} padlock

The way I understand it is that 錠{じょう} is generally used for "lock" and 鍵{かぎ} for "key". 鍵 can mean "lock" in some contexts however (this is almost certainly incomplete): 鍵を掛ける - to lock (something)(literally something like "turn a key on (something)") 鍵が掛かっている/鍵が掛かった - (something) is locked 鍵を開ける - to unlock (something) 鍵を取り付ける - "install a ...

Without additional context, this sounds like a newspaper headline or something similar. In which case, the へ would act as "to" or "toward", implying the direction the Telefonica company will take in their business. Something like "Telefonica to head toward product investment next year" Again, if it's a headline or something, the verb is omitted yet ...

I don't think it did. I haven't encountered it with that meaning, I can't find that meaning in a dictionary, and there was already the word "sukisha" or "sukimono" (spelt various ways) with that meaning. All that is just negative evidence, but there is additional evidence re what "好き" means in this context if you look at the full version of the proverb. ...

The affix く is used with i-adjectives in normal conditions. The exceptions (when く is not used) is when an i-adjective is used for compounding or in the plain non-past form, which ends with い. さ is known as an affix generally used to change an i-adjective or na-adjective into a noun. み is an affix that idiocyncratically attaches to some i-adjectives that it ...

The best way to think of this is that there are 2 types of words here. Ones such as 近い that are adjectives being transformed into nouns and ones such as　赤 that are nouns being transformed into adjectives. If you look at Japanese there are tons of words that are often used as nouns that can be made into adjectives just by adding い, for example 四角 -> 四角い、 黄色　...

There is often more than one way to turn adjectives into nouns. 赤さ and 近さ are nouns too. The semantic relationship between 赤い and 赤 is quite different from the one between 近い and the noun 近く. When learning about related words in different classes, I would learn the productive derivations (～さ is productive), and then deal with the fact that the rest have to ...

You are considering both of these words from the point of view of i-adjectives, but think differently. 赤 noun → 赤い/赤く adjective derived from a noun by attaching "-i/-ku" 近い/近く adjective → 近く noun derived from an adjective by zero-nominalization