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I think that it is rare to use the words such as A子 and B子 as an abbreviation. They are placeholder names for females, and they do not usually mean that the names actually end with 子. Just like suffix 子, suffix 男 (such as A男) is often used to make placeholder names for males. (Here is a random example which uses A男 and B子.) Some people use letters with 子 ...

The わ in these words is actually the 未然形 of the 継続の助動詞「ふ」, which historically attached to the 未然形 of other verbs. In this case, the combination of 嘆く and ふ formed the verb 嘆かふ, and the combination of 忌む with ふ produced 忌まふ. It is these words that combined with the し suffix: 嘆かふ　　→　　嘆かは　+　し 忌まふ　　→　　忌まは　+　し In modern Japanese, the は becomes わ, and ...

1 When you're walking and your shoelaces come undone, they appear to do that on their own. 靴ひもがほどける does not mean that someone unties them, but that they "untie themselves". The meaning is closer to an intransitive active than to a passive; therefore にくい is appropriate. On the other hand, 問題が解ける means that the problem is solved by someone, not that it solves ...

やがる is a verb since the endings it takes is the same as the other verbs: 食べやがる non-past 食べやがった past 食べやがれ imperative etc. やがる attaches to stems; it is an affix that attaches to a verb and creates a verb. Its meaning is to add the first person's feeling that the act was done disfavorably or turned out to be disfavorable to the first person. It is ...

The first そう comes after 終止形 of verbs and adjectives. All 終止形 forms, negatives, passives, causatives, present and past etc are possible. This means "I hear(d)/read that... " (not looks/seems like as assumed in the question). 彼は死んだそうだ I heard he died あのケーキは美味しいそうだ I hear that cake is declicious 彼は嫌われていなかったそうだ They say he wasn't hated. This そう is ...

やがる is a 助動詞 (auxiliary verb). 活用形 is used to refer to the conjugated form of a word. やがる is used to state the action of the opponent with emotion of scorn or dislike. From Yahoo dictionary: 軽蔑や憎しみなどの気持ちを込めて、相手の動作をいう意を表す It is used after the 連用形 of verbs, and 「れる」「られる」「せる」「させる」.

I will go in conjecture mode here, as I do not have the knowledge of the validity in question. (Question 1) Why is ほどけにくい acceptable while とけにくい unacceptable? I guess that it's related to the subject. A shoelace, in English too, gets loose and unties itself. The shoelace can do the action of untying itself, with ease or not, hence the (claimed) ...

The そう that takes an appositive clause is a formal noun (although in traditional grammar, it is not called so). It has reference to a general situation that one heard from someone else. Or, it may be considered a sentence ending. This happens in syntax. [寒い]そうだ 'What I heard is that it is cold.' [食べた]そうだ 'What I heard is that she ate it.' ...