Depending on the context, they can all mean:
because of/due to (a reason):
震災{しんさい}によってたくさんの人の命が失われた。
There were many people who lost their lives due to the earthquake.
by (a method/way/means):
先生はテストにより、[学生]{がくせい}が[理解]{りかい}したかどうかをチェックする。
Teachers check if students understand by (means of) tests.
by (identifies the agent of the action, particularly in a passive sentence):
この機械{きかい}は誰によって[発明]{はつめい}されましたか?
Who was this machine invented by?
(just for comparison, here's that as an active sentence without によって):
この機械を発明したのは誰ですか?
Who invented this machine?
dependant on (when highlighting differences):
生活{せいかつ}習慣{しゅうかん}は国によって違う。
Lifestyles differ depending on the country.
によって and により are effectively the same according to Daijirin, but により is somewhat more formal than によって according to Daijisen. I'll try to break up your example sentence (and add one for により):
火事{かじ}によって多くの[森林]{しんりん}が焼{や}けてしまった。
Because of a fire many forests burnt down.
牛は角{つの}により人は言葉により捕{つか}まえられる。
An ox is taken by the horns and a man by word.
による is slightly different (i.e. による is used in the following example because it's talking about a tsunami because of the earthquake):
今回の地震{じしん}による津波{つなみ}の心配{しんぱい}はない。
There's no worry of a tsunami because of the earthquake this time.