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Around what time did the Japanese start using Chinese numbers? For example, 八百長 pronounced やおちょう rather than using the modern はっぴゃく.

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八百長(やおちょう) is a one word, if you extract first two "八百", it will become "はっぴゃく" (meaning - 800) there is no relation between those two.

Regarding the word "八百長" timeline, Wikipedia, and Gogen guide, it starts using at Meiji-Era (1868–1912)

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What about the other numbers? Like みそか and さんじゅうにち? – Nate Glenn Jun 1 '11 at 1:59
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Even though 八百 in isolation is not pronounced やお today, they still correspond within fixed expressions: 八百屋 (やおや), 八百万 (やおよろず). – sawa Sep 17 '11 at 18:04

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