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早{はや}くしないと、ヤツらとの最終{さいしゅう}聖戦{せいせん}の幕{まく}が切{き}って落{お}とされてしまうのだから……!

My doubt is specifically about the part ヤツらとの.

Several times I've come across the particle の being used right after another particle, but I haven't had any luck finding material covering this case.

The most likely to be accurate answers I've been given is that the の particle turns into a noun whatever comes before it - I'm familiar with that usage of の - but with other particles just before の I have a hard time trying to make sense of everything.

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It is showing possession, as it usually does. Hopefully this can clear it up.

ヤツらの最終聖戦 <- Their last holy war [with anyone]
ヤツらとの最終聖戦 <- [Our/Someone's] last holy war with them 

You will see the combination often.

彼とのデート... A date with him
敵との戦い ... A fight with the enemy

I'm having a hard time finding any resources to explain it any further, unfortunately. Hopefully that helped.

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の can be used as a nominalizer - eg. 読むのが怖い reading [it] is scary - but here it is simply the noun-joining particle as in 花子の髪 Hanako's hair.

ヤツらとの最終聖戦の幕

The pattern here is AとのBのC. The first の works pretty much the same way as the second, it establishes a relation between the two noun (A and B), and (B and C), except that the first relation between A and B is specified further by the addition of the particle と.

Perhaps the best way to explain this is to consider what happens when we omit と. ヤツらの最終聖戦 simply means their final holy war, and for all we know, they might be waging war amongst themselves with no other parties involved.

と can be interpreted as "with". ヤツらと戦う, for example means fight with (=against) them, 君と出逢う means to meet ["with"] you.

Without の, ヤツらと最終聖戦(をする) sounds a bit strange and would mean do the final holy war against them. More importantly, it can be interpreted only as a verbal action modified by ヤツらと, but not as a compound noun that can be compounded further. Ie., ✘ヤツらと最終聖戦の幕 is wrong [as a noun].

And that is why we need both と and の. ヤツらとの最終聖戦の幕 is a compound noun ready to be used in a larger sentence.


Notes

(a)

Note that の does not always express an attributive (genitive) relation, but a more open one, eg. 課長の田中 does not mean section-manager's Tanaka.

(b)

の is used like this with some other particles and expressions. For example, in 愛についての感じ the relation between 愛 and 感じ is specified further - a feeling regarding love. On the other hand, in 愛の感じ the relation is left open.

More examples:

  • ホストファミリーの形態によってのそれぞれの違い(メリット、デメリット)って何ですか?

  • 幸福への近道

  • ご利用に関してのアンケートのお願い

  • 議会に対しての意見

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  • Similar to the answer by @kiss-o-matic, but I'm at a part and began to write this on my phone before it was posted, so I might as well share it...
    – blutorange
    Dec 28, 2014 at 19:53
  • AとのBのC < AとBとのC
    – user4032
    Dec 29, 2014 at 6:28

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